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In  Memory  of 
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University  of  Illinois  Library  at  Urbana-Champaign 


ARMY  AND  NAVY 
INFORxMATION 


PLATE  I 


/i/?My  ruffs  Ml?  s/GmLS 


"K  k 


/s 


24      ^~2S     ^26      ^27 


^^?      ^2^   ^30      "    3/ 
^    32      ^33       ^34       ""     35 


fQ 


n 


UxiTED  States  Akmv   Ii.ac.s  and  Signals 


Fit'Id  Army  Headquarters. 

Lantern  I'sed  at  Niirlit. 

Ini'antry  Division  Headquar- 
ters. 

Cavalry  Division  Head^iuar- 
ters. 

Infantry  Briirade  Headquar- 
ters. Division  n  ti  /»  her 
above,  Iiri(jadc  number  be- 
lo  w. 

Cavalry  Brii^ade  Headquar- 
tei-s.  Division  n  u  m  b  e  r 
above,  Brigade  number  be- 
low. 

Artillerj'  Brigade  Head^iuar- 
ters. 

Quartermaster  Corps  and 
Supply  Train. 

Ammunition  Trains  and  Dis- 
tribution points. 

Field  Hospital. 

Lantern  Used  at  Ni-jlit. 

Lieutenant -(Jeneral's  Flag. 

Major-Cieneral's  Flag. 

Brigadier-CJeneraPs  Flag. 

Hospital  Train.  FieM  Am- 
bulance, Kegimental  Hospi- 
tal, Dressing  Station. 

Cavalr>'  (iui<lon.  Regimrntal 
nuttiber  above.  Troop  Utter 
below. 

Artillery  (iuid(»n.  Riiiimrn- 
tal  number  iihove,  liattmi 
letter  below. 


18. 


1!). 
Com 


20. 
2L 
22. 
23. 
24. 
2.'). 
2(]. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
3L 
32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

3G. 
37. 


Signal  Corps  Guidon.  Corps 
(lesif/nation  above,  Battal- 
ion number  below. 

Ambulance  Company  Guidon, 
pnny  Marking  Flags.  Used 
to  locate  the  companies  in 
Infantry  Regiments.  The 
First  Battalion  has  a  red 
field,  the  Second  a  white 
field,  and  the  Third  a  blue 
field. 

Company  A. 

Comi)any  B. 

Company  C. 

Comj^any  D. 

Company  E. 

C<jmpany  F. 

Company  G. 

Company  H. 

Com])any  I. 

Company  K. 

Company  L. 

Company  M. 

Signiil  Flag.  Used  for  wig- 
wag signals. 

Signal  Flag.  Used  for  wig- 
wag signals. 

Signal  Flag.  Used  for  wig- 
wag signals. 

Field  Telegraph,  or  Tele- 
phone. 

FicM  Post  Office. 

Signal  Flau'.  Used  for  sema- 
phore signal^. 


m 


PLATE  II 


nno 

//         /S        /9 


Details  of  UxiFORirs,  Uxited  States  Army 

Colors  of  Branches  of  the  Service.        2.  Cavnh-v. 

Shown    on   shoulder-straps,        3.  Infantry. 

facings,   etc.  4.  Ai-tillery. 

5.  Engineers. 


1.     General   Officers. 


IT 


(i.     A.l.jiitaiit-(}encrnl's      Di'itart- 

llU'llt. 

7.     (^)iiaiterniaster  Corps. 

S.     Jiispcftor-ficiu'rars      l)oi)art- 

nient. 
0.     .Iiidije     Advocate     Generars 

l)i'l)arlimMi(. 

10.  Sii;i)al   Corps. 

11.  Ordnance   Department. 
]'2.     Medical   I)epartnient. 

1.!.     Scivicc     Schools    Detach- 
ments. 
Tronser  Stripes  for  OHicers. 

14.  (Jcncial's  Full  Dress. 

IT).  Adjutant-(ienerars  Depart- 
ment, Inspector-OeneraKs 
Department,  Judne-A<lvo- 
cate  CieneraTs  Dcitartmcnl, 
Medical  Department  Full 
Dress. 

10.  All  Other  Ollicers.  Stripe 
color  of  branch  of  service, 
except  hifantry  ivhich  uses 
white. 

Trouser  Stripes  of  Kn  listed 
.Men. 

Stripes  color  of  branch  of 
service,  except  Infantry 
which  uses  white. 

17.     Serj^eant. 

15.  Corporal. 

19.  ^Musician. 
Collars  for  Ollicei'S. 

20.  (Jeneral's  Full  Dress. 

21.  All      Other      Olhccrs'      Full 

Dress.  Field  color  of 
bran<  h  of  service, 

22.  All    OHiccrs'    Dress.      Device 

showinp  branch   of  service. 
2:1     All   OHicei-s'  Service.     Device 

shoiii  tni     liiiim  h     i,f    SI  nil  r. 


2  1.  All  Ollicers'  White.  Device 
shou'iny   bramJi   of  service. 

Saher  Knots. 

2."),  (Jeneral's  Fidl  Dress  and 
Dress. 

2(i.  All  ( )lher  Ollicers'  Full  Dress 
and  Dress. 

27.  All   Ollicers'   Service. 

28.  Enlisted  Men. 

Shoulder  Strajis  for  All   Officers. 

2!).  Dress.  Field  color  of  branch 
of  service.  For  insiynia  of 
rank  see  PLATE  XII. 

30.  Service.       For     insiynia     of 

rank  see  PLATE  XII. 

31.  White.     For  insiynia  of  rank 

sec  PLATE  XII. 
Collars  for   Knlisted  Men. 

32.  Full  Dress.    Device  and  pip- 

iny    of    branch    of    service. 
'S3.     Service.        Button      shows 
branch  of  service. 

34.  AVhite.    Device  shows  branch 

of  service. 
Buttons. 

35.  Overcoat   All   Ollicers. 

30.  Full  I)res.s  and  Dress  Gen- 
erals. Full  Dress  All 
Other  Officers  and  Enlisted 
Men  Excejjt  the  Enpneer 
Corps. 

37.  As  Above,  Small   Size. 

38.  Service  All  Officers  and   En- 

listed .Alen. 
3!).     Service  Ki-ht  Side  of  Collar 

Eidisted   Men. 
10.      Service    Left    Side   of    Collar 

I'.iilisted     Men.      Device 

shows    branch    of    service. 
41.     Full  Dress  Engineer  Corps. 
•12.     Overcoat    Eidisted   Men. 


PLATE   III 


mVAL  FLAGS  AND  S/GNALS 


^^^22  \23 


VI 


United  States  Naval  Flags  and  Signals 


1. 

Srrrptarv  of  War. 

V2. 

•  > 

President. 

:i 

Secretary  of  the  Na\'y. 

13. 

4. 

Naval   Jack.     Flown   at   how 

of    vessel. 

14. 

■"). 

Admiral. 

•  i. 

Vice-Admiral. 

15. 

7. 

Kear-Adniiral. 

in. 

8. 

Flaj;  Carried  by  Naval  Land- 

17. 

ing:  Parties. 

IS. 

0. 

Naval   Pennant. 

19. 

10. 

Naval   Militia. 

20. 

IL 

ConnnandiniT       Officer       De- 

21. 

stroyer  Flotilla. 

22. 
23. 

ConnuandiniT  OHicer  De- 
stroyer Division. 

C'onmiandini,''  Ollicer  Sub- 
marine Flotilla. 

Conunandinir  OHicer  Sub- 
marine  Division. 

Flair  for  Wis:-wag  Signals. 

Quarantine  Fla.i^. 

l\evenue  Service. 

Guard  and  Dispatch  Ship. 

P'lair  for  Wijr-wau:  Signals. 

Liu  lit  house   Service. 

Church  Pennant. 

Meal   Pennant. 

Flair  for  Semaphore  Signals. 


vn 


PLATE    IV 


■§B 


/  2  3  4         5  6  7  S         Q 


U. S.S.TEXAS 


40 


vm 


Details  of  Uniforms,  United  States  Navy  and  Maimnk  Corps 


SlCL'V 


e  Braitlin«i:s.  Designating 
rank.  Worn  by  all  officers 
on  full  dress,  dress,  and 
service  coats. 

Admiral  of  the  Navy. 

Atliuiral. 

Vice-Adniiral. 

Rear-Adiiiiial. 

Captain. 

Coniniaiuler. 

Lieutenant  Commander. 

Lieutenant. 

Lieutenant  Junior  Grade. 

Knsiiiu. 

Chief  Boatswain,  Chief  Gun- 
ner,  Chief  ^lachinist. 

C  h  i  e  f  Carpenter,  Chief 
Saihnaker,  Chief  Pharma- 
cist. 

Boatswain,  Gunner,  Machin- 
ist, ^hite. 

Carpenter,  Saihnaker,  Phar- 
macist, Clerk. 

Overcoat.  Braiding  same, 
hut   black. 

^ledical  Oflicer. 

Pay  Ollicer. 

Professor  of  Mathematics. 

Xaval  Constructor. 

Civil  Enirineer. 

Dental  OHicer. 

Ollicer  of  Naval  Militia. 
Same   as    narif   designation. 


but  with  a  ring  around  tJie 
star. 

23.  1  Shoulder  Straps  for  Overcoat 

24.  J      and  While  Coat.     Braiding 

same  as  on  sleeve. 
25.1  Collars  Dress  Coat  All  OfTi- 
26.  J     cers.      For   designations    of 
rank  see  PLATE  XX. 

Cap  Device  All  Ollicers. 

Cap  Device  Chief  Petty  Offi- 
cers. 

Cap  Device  Marine  Corps. 

Chevrons  Petty  Ollicers.  For 
designations  of  rank  see 
PLATES  XX  and  XXL 

Chevrons  Mai'ine  Cori)s  Full 
Dress.  For  designations  of 
rank  see  PLATE  XXL 

Chevrons  Marine  Corps 
Service.  For  designations 
of  rank  see  PLATE  XXL 

Sword  Knot  Navy. 

Swoid  Knot  Marine  Corps. 
Buttons. 
30.     Ollicers.     All  uniforms. 

Men.      All   uniforms. 

!Maiine  Cori)s  Ullicei^s  and 
Men  Full  Dress  and  Dress. 

^larine  C<»rps  011icei*s  and 
Men  Service. 

Navy  Hat  Hibbon  Enlisted 
Men.  It  liears  name  of 
shi])  or  station. 


27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 
31. 

32.^ 


33. 


34. 
35. 


37. 

3S. 

39. 
40. 


IS 


PLATE   V 


2                         3                         ^ 

D 


6 


/O 


// 


CZl 


20 


/5 


2/ 


/6 


r^26        ^27       r  28 


r^% 


27        U     28 

© 

4/ 


7 


8 


/7 


22  23 


/2 

■ 

/S 


I    I 


24 


13 


/9 


25 


^^       ^        40 
43 


29         ^30        "    J/ 


DKTAILS   of   r.VIFOIv'.MS.    Fl,.\(iS    AND    I  )l.<  OUATK  ».\S,    1' OlJI.K.N     AlC.MIKS 


Coloi-s  of  Field  Service  Unifonns. 
1.     Hritish. 
'2.     Fiencli. 

'A.     I"'iv!icli  ('(donial  Troops. 
4.     Kussian. 
f).     Itnliaii. 
().     Hc'l-4^iaii. 

7.  German. 

8.  Austrian. 

9.  Can    "^    Hiitisli    General    or 

Staff  Ollicer.     Generalbi  re- 
ferred to  in   the  service  a-i 
a  "brass-hat.'' 
Collar  Patehes,  British  Officers. 

10.  (JeiHM-al  GHicers. 

11.  Ileathinartei-s   Staff. 

12.  Stair. 

V.i.     Departmental  Ollicei-s. 

War  Decora  I  ions  of  European 
Armies.  .1  1)it  of  the  rih- 
hon  from  trhirh  it  is  siis- 
pendvd  is  worn  on  the  serv- 
ice uniform  instead  of  the 
decoration. 

14,     Leirion  of  Honor,  France. 

IT).     Militarv   Me«ial,   France. 

l(i.     War  Cross,  France. 

17.  Victoria  Cross,  British. 

18.  Military    Cross,    British. 

19.  Distiniruisiu'd    Service   Order, 

British. 

20.  Distiri'^Miished   Service  Medal, 

British. 

21.  Order  of  Ijeo)>old,  Belirium. 

22.  Order  of  St.  (leorL'c.  l{u.s.sia. 
Zi.     Military  Me«lal,   Italy. 

24.     Iron  Cross,  Germany. 
2.').     Military  Cross,  AiLstria. 


Desii^nalioii    l-'laus,    l-'icncli. 
2().     Coiuniandinj^  General,  Army 
Ciuiis. 

27.  Connnander    First     Inlaiitry 

Division,  Army  Corjis. 

28.  r'o!uman<ler  Second  Infantry 

Division,  Army  Corps. 
2!l.     Commander    Third    Infantry 

Divisioji,   Army  Corps. 
.'{().     Commander     (,'avaliy     Divi- 
sion. 
.■)1.     Commander  Artillery   Corp.s, 

or  I)ivision. 
32.     Connnander  Cavalry  Bri<rade. 
[V.\.     Commander     Artillery      I>ri- 

.uade. 
34.     Infantry      Rejarinient,      First 

liattaii<»n. 
3.").      Infantry    Bej^inient,     Second 

liattalion. 
30.     Infantiy     Rej^^iment,      Third 

Battalion. 

37.  Infantry     Heurinient.     Fourth 

Battalion. 

38.  Rifle   Battalion. 
M).     Lance   Pennant. 

40.  Field    Cap,    German    OfPcer. 

Enlisted  men  wear  the 
same  cap  without  the  visor. 
Color  of  Itantl  indiiates  reg- 
iment, upper  button  (ier- 
vuin  Kmpire,  lowrr  hu'tnti 
Kiut/flom  to  whiih  or '/an- 
imation belongs. 
Cap   Buttons. 

41.  Prib^sia. 

42.  Bavaria. 

43.  Saxony, 

44.  Wurtembur*'. 


l^LAil:.    \  i 


/WnJALSAM?  BADGES 


DFiV£YM£DAL  MANILA /S98 


SAMPSON  MFDAL  CUBA  ms 


CONGPPSS/ONAL  MEDAL 
NAi/AL  MEDAL  OF  DONOR  OFDONOD  ^^^  ^^^^^  OFDONOD 


c/y/L  mF 


FD/L/FF/NF  CAMFA/GN 


AFMY  OF  CUBAN  OCCUFADON 


/ND/ANHAFSAND  SFFWCF 


FF/L/FF/NF  CONCFFSS/ONAL 

I     I 


CN/NA  CAMFA/CN 


wni 


SFAN/SDIVAF 


OTHF/?  BADGES  OF  S/M/LA/?  SHAPE 

BUT  mm  D/smcwF //vsc/?/pr/ONS 

GBNEBALL  V  D/ST/NGU/SHED 


■— Ml 


AFMY  OF  CUBAN  FACJF/CAF/ON    ^n^WrpmoN       N/CAFAGUAN  CAMFA/CN 


I  I  I 


CFFDF/CATF  OF  MFF/T 
AFMV 


GOOD  CONDUCT 
NAVY 


GOOD  CONDUCT 
MAF/NFCOFFS 


Xll 


ARMY  AND  NAVY 
INFORMATION 

rXIFOmiS,  OIU.AXIZATIOX, 

ARMS  AND  KQrir.MKXT 

OF   THE   WAURIXG   POWERS 

BY 

MAJOR  1)K  WITT  CLINTON  FALLS,  X.  (,.  X.  Y. 


ILLVSTRATF.n  liV  SIX  COLOR  PLATES 

AM)    rillHTY   LIM:   (I'TS 

BY  Tin:  AlTIIOli 


m:\v  vokk 

V     IV    DirroV    .»^    COM  PAN  ^ 

tisl    111  III    AVKNUE 


COPYRIGHT,  1917, 

Bt  e.  p.  dutton  &  oa 


TO    THE    OFFICERS   AND    MEN 

OF   THE 

UNITED    SERVICES 


I09o6b( 


FOREWORD 

In  preparing  this  little  book  the  author  has  tried  to 
present  certain  important  information  concerning  the 
^lilitary  and  \aval  services  in  so  simple  a  form  that  it 
can  be  readily  understood  by  the  lay  reader.  Also  to 
present  to  the  soldier  or  sailor  technical  information  re- 
garding such  matters  as  organization,  uniforms,  insig- 
nias,  etc.,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  the  book  an  ex- 
tremely useful  work  of  reference  to  the  young  men  of 
this  country  who  are  to  enter  into  military  life  and  wish 
to  acquire  a  general  knowledge  of  this  new  profession. 
For  those  who  are  to  serve  abroad  the  details  of  the  uni- 
forms and  other  information  in  regard  to  the  Armies 
ind  Xavies  with  which  they  may  come  in  contact,  will 
^ve  them  a  better  understanding  of  their  companions- 
it-arms. 

Every  effort  has  been  made  to  have  the  details  as  cor- 
ect  as  possible  and  ever>^  available  reference  has  been 
onsulted,  but  with  the  rapid  march  of  events  in  these 
tirring  times  changes  are  bound  to  be  made  at  any  time 
a  organizations,  uniforms,  armaments,  etc.,  in  order  to 
dapt  them  to  the  changing  conditions.  It  is  believed, 
owever,  that  these  changes  \nll  only  be  in  details,  and 
:  is  hoped  that  the  reader  will  make  due  allowances  for 

xvii 


xviii  FOREWORD 

what  may  appear  as  minor  errors  when  the  book  reaches 
the  public,  but  which  were  correct  on  going  to  press. 

The  main  features,  however,  will  remain  the  same,  and 
the  author  trusts  that  the  book  will  serve  its  purpose  of 
giving  the  reader  in  as  concrete  form  as  possible,  certain 
information  on  matters  in  which  the  country  is  now  in- 
terested. 

DeWitt  Clinton  Falls, 
Major,  National  Guard, 
New  York 

July  1,  1917. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 


Foreword xvii 

UNITED  STATES 
ARMY 

Organization 1 

Fighting  Force 3 

Strength 23 

Selective  Draft 30 

Service 33 

Instruction 37 

Armament 39 

Aviation 42 

Pay 44 

Uniforms  and  Equipment 49 

Training  Camps 58 

National  CIuard 59 

Explanatory  Notes Go 

Abbreviations ' 80 

Army  Slang 8-i 

NAVY 

Organization  . 87 

Fhihting  Force 89 

Strength         9-1 

Service 98 

Instruction 102 

Crews 102 

Armamknt                         KM 

xix 


XX  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Pay 107 

Uniforms  and  Equipment 115 

Naval  Militia 118 

Explanatory  Notes 121 

MARINE  CORPS 

Organization 129 

Strength 132 

Pay 133 

Uniforms  and  Equipment 136 

NURSES  CORPS 137 

FOREIGN  ARMIES  AND  NAVIES 

Introduction 141 

Austria-Hungary 142 

Belgium 147 

Bulgaria         149 

France 150 

Germany 155 

Great  Britain 160 

Italy 166 

Japan .  167 

Montenegro        168 

Portugal        170 

Roumania 171 

Russia 172 

Serbia 176 

Turkey 177 

Explanatory  Notes 178 

Foreign  Medals  and  Decorations 182 

Map  Signs 185 

Table  of  Foreign  Money 186 

Index 187 


LIST  OF  PLATES 


nATZS 

I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 


Yll. 

VIII. 

IX. 

X. 

XL 

XII. 

XIII. 

XIV. 
XV. 

XVI. 
XVII. 
XVIII. 
XIX 


COLOR 

Flags  and  Signals,  U.  S.  A 

Detail  of  Uniforms,  U.  S.  A 

Flags  and  Signals,  U.  S.  N 

Detail  of  Uniforms,  U.  S.  N.  and  U.  S.  M.  C. 

Detail  of  Uniforms,  Foreign  Armies 

U.  S.  Medals  and  Badges      .      .     {Frontis) 

LINE 

Uniforms  —  General  Officers,  U.  S.  A 


n              

■  Officers,  U.  S. 

A. 

~    << 

<(               (< 

(( 

Enlisted  Men, 

U.  S. 

A.   . 

(< 

((             It 

(( 

In.signia,  U. 

<< 

S.  A.   .     .     . 

• 

• 

Chevrons  and  Arm  Devices 

>,  U.  S.  A. 

Small  Arm^ 

AND  Shooting 

Decorations,  U. 

S.  A.      . 

Field  Equipment,  Enlisted 

Men, 

u.  s. 

A.    . 

Uniforms  — 

Officers,  U.  S. 

N. 

. 

.     , 

(( 

((               (( 

(( 

EnllstI':d  Men, 

U.  S. 

N.  . 

PAOK 

ii 

iv 

vi 

viii 

X 

xii 


5 

9 
13 
17 
21 
26 
28 
52 

56 
60 
93 
97 
101 


XXI 


xxii  LIST  OF  PLATES 

PLATES  PAGE 

XX.  Insignia,  U.  S.  N 110 

XXI.  "  "         AND  U.  S.  M.  C.     .     .     .  112 

XXII.  Uniforms  —  Officers,  U.  S.  M.  C.       ...  131 

XXIII.  ''        —  Enlisted  Men,  U.  S.  M.  C.        .  135 

XXIV.  "        —  Austria,  Turkey,  Bulgaria  .     .  143 
XXV.           *'        —Belgium,  Italy        145 

XXVI.  Insignia,  Belgium         146 

XXVII.  Uniforms  —  France 151 

XXVIII.  Insignia,  France 152 

XXIX.  "        Germany,  Austria  .     .     .    ".     .     .  156 

XXX.  Uniforms  —  Germany        159 

XXXI.  ''        —  Great  Britain         161 

XXXII.  Insignia,  Great  Britain        162 

XXXIII.  Uniforms  —  Portugal,  Montenegro,  Japan  .  169 

XXXIV.  "        — Serbia,  Roumania,  Russia     .     .  173 
XXXV.  Insignia,  Italy,  Russia 174 

XXXVI.  Map  Signs,  U.  S.  and  Foreign        ....  184 


ARMY 


ORGANIZATION 

The  Army  of  the  United  States  is  commanded  by  the 
President  as  Commander-in-Chief  by  right  of  office,  and 
he  may  nominate  for  the  approval  of  Congress  such  gen- 
eral officers  of  the  rank  of  General  or  Lieutenant-General 
as  he  may  consider  necessaiy  to  properly  officer  the 
higher  commands.  The  administration  is  in  charge  of 
the  War  Department,  presided  over  by  the  Secretary  of 
War,  who  is  a  member  of  the  President's  Official  Cabinet. 
For  administrative  purposes  the  following  divisions  are 
made: 

Gexer.\l  Staff  Corps 
Prepares  all  plans  for  national  defense,  for  mobiliza- 
tion of  the  forces  and  has  general  supervision  of  all 
questions   affecting  the   efficiency   of  the   army.     In 
charge  of  the  Chief  of  Staff. 

Adjutant  General's  Department 

Keeps  all  records  and  has  charge  of  all  correspond- 
ence, the  issuing  of  orders,  notices,  bulletins  and  offi- 
cial literature.    In  charge  of  the  Adjutant  General. 

Inspector  General's  Department 

Exercises  general  supervision  of  all  matters  of  the 
efficiency  of  the  army — the  conduct  and  disci  inline,  con- 
dition of  unifoiTns,  equipments,  supplies  and  expendi- 

1 


2  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

ture  of  public  money.    In  charge  of  the  Inspector  Gen- 
eral. 
Judge  Advocate's  Department 

It  is  custodian  of  all  legal  records,  and  conducts  all 
courts-martial,  courts  of  inquiry  and  military  commis- 
sions.   In  charge  of  the  Judge  Advocate  General. 

Ordnance  Department 

Supplies  all  arms,  equipments,  and  other  fighting  ma- 
terial and  maintains  arsenals  and  depots  for  the  manu- 
facture, distribution  and  safe-keeping  of  military 
stores.     In  charge  of  the  Chief  of  Ordnance. 

Quartermaster  Corps 
In  charge  of  all  matters  of  supply  (other  than  ord- 
nance), transportation,  distribution  of  funds  and  pay- 
ment of  troops.    In  charge  of  Quartermaster  General. 

Engineer  Corps 

In  charge  of  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  all 
fortifications,  military  posts — lines  of  communication 
and  rivers  and  harbors,  as  far  as  it  is  necessary  for 
their  use  for  military  or  naval  purposes.  In  charge 
of  Chief  of  Engineers. 

Coast  Artillery  Corps 
In  charge  of  the  garrisoning  of  all  coast  fortifications 
and  coast  and  harbor  defense,  and  siege  work.    Com- 
manded by  Chief  of  Coast  Artillerj^ 

Signal  Corps 
In  charge  of  all  methods  of  communication  by  balloons, 
aeroplanes,  radio  wireless  telegraph,  telephones  and 
visual  signaling.    Commanded  by  Chief  Signal  Officer. 


ARMY— FIGHTING  FORCE  3 

Medical  Department  :    Subdivided  into — 

Medical  Corps 

In  charge  of  the  sick  and  wounded,  and  physical  and 
sanitary  condition  of  the  annv.  When  serving  with 
troops,  detachments  are  known  as  Sanitary  Troops. 

Dental  Corps 

In  charge  of  the  teeth.  Department  in  charge  of  the 
Surgeon  General. 

Bureau  of  Insui^r  Affairs 

In  charge  of  all  matters  of  a  military  nature  and  sup- 
plies that  affect  the  colonies.  In  charge  of  Chief  of 
Insular  AlTairs. 

Bureau  of  Militia  Affairs 

Has  all  charge  of  the  affairs  of  the  National  Guard. 
In  charge  of  Chief  of  Militia  Affairs. 


FIGHTING  FORCE 

The  organization  of  the  fighting  forces,  starting  with 
the  smallest  unit,  is  as  follows : 

Squad 

1  Corporal  as  Squad  Commander. 
7  Privates. 

Platoon 

1  I/ieutenant  as  Platoon  Commander. 
S(iuads.    Tlie  number  varies  with  the  special  duties  of 
the  phitoon. 


4  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

Rifle  Company  of  Infantry 

6  Officers  and  250  men. 

1  Captain,  Company  Commander. 

5  Lieutenants. 

1  First  Sergeant :  In  charge  of  all  records,  rolls,  etc., 
and  general  assistant  to  the  Company  Com- 
mander. 

1  Supply  Sergeant:  In  charge  of  all  property  and  its 
issue. 

1  Mess  Sergeant:    In  charge  of  all  rations  and  their 

preparation. 

2  Sergeants  for  each  platoon. 

1  Corporal  for  each  squad  of  8  men. 

2  Cooks. 

1  Mechanic:   In  charge  of  the  rifles,  company  wagon, 

harness,  etc.,  and  who  is  able  to  make  necessary 
minor  repairs. 

2  Buglers:    Equipped  with  bugles  and  signal  flags. 

6  Platoons,  divided  into  platoons  of  Riflemen,  Bomb- 

ers, and  Auto-riflemen  with  light  machine  guns  or 
automatic  rifles. 

Headquaetees  Company,  Infantey 

1  Captain  as  Regimental  Adjutant.  In  charge  of  all 
administrative  work. 

1  Captain  as  Company  Commander. 

2  First  Lieutenants  as  Platoon  Commanders. 

3  Second  Lieutenants  as  Platoon  Commanders. 

1  Regimental  Sergeant  Major:   Assists  the  Adjutant 

in  his  duties. 

2  Color  Sergeants:   To  carry  the  colors. 


PLATE   VTI.     UNIFORMS— UNITED    STATES    ARMY 


CJkxpjlvl  Okfi'-hr.";  United  Statks  Army 

1.  Full  Dress  Mounted.  3.    Dress.    Boots  when  moujited. 

2.  Full  Dress  Dismounted, 


6  AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFOKMATION 

1  Drum  Major:  In  charge  of  the  military  instruction 

of  the  band. 
1  Band  Leader:  In  charge  of  the  musical  instruction 

of  the  band. 
1  Bugler  Sergeant. 
1  Stable  Sergeant. 
1  Headquarters  Platoon,  subdivided  into: 

Staff  Section. 

Band  Section.    Act  as  litter  bearers  in  action  and 

are  trained  in  first-aid. 
Mounted  Orderlies  Section:  Act  as  orderlies  and 

scouts.    Have  charge  of  officers'  horses. 

1  Signal  Platoon. 

1  Sappers  and  Bombers'  Platoon. 

1  Pioneer  Platoon. 

1  Cannon  Platoon. 

Supply  Company,  Infantry 

1  Captain  as  Eegimental  Supply  Officer. 
1  Second  Lieutenant,  as  assistant. 
1  Saddler. 

Organization  as  prescribed  for  Eifle  Company. 

Machine  Gun  Company,  Infantry 

1  Captain. 
4  Lieutenants. 

Balance  as  Eifle  Company,  with  12  heavy  machine 
guns  for  service  and  4  spare  guns. 


ARMY— FIGHTING  FORCE  7 

Troop  of  Cavai^y 
As  proscribed  for  a  Company  of  Infantry,  with  the  fol- 
lowing additions : 

1  Guidon  Sergeant,  who  carries  the  troop  flag. 

2  Ilorseshoers. 
1  Saddler. 

Supply  Troop  of  Cavatjiy 

As  prescribed  for  a  Troop — in  addition: 
1  Stable  Sergeant. 

Company  Coast  Artillery 

As  prescribed  for  a  line  company  of  infantry,  except 
certain  privates,  according  to  their  duties  are  rated 
as  follows:  Casemate  Ellectricians ;  Observers,  1st 
class;  Observers,  2d  class;  Plotters;  Chief  Plant- 
ers; Coxswains;  Chief  Loaders;  Gun  Command- 
ers; Gun  Pointers. 

Battery  Field  Artillery 

As  prescribed  for  a  line  company  of  infantry.  Pri- 
vates are  sometimes  called  drivers  and  cannon- 
iers.  In  addition  1  Guidon  Sergeant  who  carries 
the  batter}^  flag. 

Pioneer  Company  Engineers 

As  prescribed  for  a  line  company  of  infantry,  except 
Sergeants  are  rated  Sergeants  1st  class  and  Ser- 
geants, according  to  their  respective  duties. 
Mounted  companies  have  additional: 

1  Stable  Sergeant,  in  charge  of  animals. 

1  Horseshoer. 

1  Saddler,  in  charge  of  hariioss  and  equipment. 


8  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

Pontoon  Company  Engineers 

As  prescribed  for  line  company  of  infantry — in  addi- 
tion: 
2  Saddlers :     In  charge  of  harness  and  equipment. 
2  Farriers :     In  charge  of  animals. 
2  Drivers:     In  charge  of  wagons. 

Signal  Corps:   Field  Company 
As  prescribed- for  a  line  company  of  infantry,  except 
Sergeants  are  designated  Sergeants  1st  class  and 
Sergeants,  according  to  their  respective  duties. 

Signal  Corps:     Radio  Company 

1  Captain,  as  Commanding  Officer. 

2  First  Lieutenants. 

1  Master  Electrician. 

6  Sergeants,  first  class. 
9  Sergeants. 

15  Corporals. 

2  Cooks. 

1  Horseshoer. 
9  Privates,  first  class. 
32  Privates. 

Signal  Corps:     Wire  Company 

1  Captain,  as  Commanding  Officer. 

2  First  Lieutenants. 

1  Master  Electrician. 

5  Sergeants,  first  class. 

7  Sergeants. 
12  Corporals. 

2  Cooks. 


PLATE    VIII.     UNIFORMS— UNITED    STATES    ARMY 


Officers,  United  States  Army 

1.  Dross.    Boots  when  mounted.        3.     Special  Evening  Drev. 

2.  Full  Dress.    Dismounted  offi- 

cers wear  trousers. 


10  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

1  Horseshoer. 

10  Privates,  first  class. 
37  Privates. 

Signal  Corps:     Telegraph  and  Telephone  Company 

1  Captain,  as  Commanding  Officer. 

2  First  Lieutenants. 
2  Master  Electricians. 
7  Sergeants,  first  class. 

11  Sergeants. 
17  Corporals. 

2  Cooks. 

1  Horseshoer. 

12  Privates,  first  class. 
48  Privates. 

Signal  Corps:     Aero  Company 
1  Captain  as  Commanding  Officer. 

5  First  Lieutenants. 

1  Master  Electrician. 

2  First-class  Sergeants. 

9  Corporals.  j 

2  Cooks. 
14  First-class  Privates. 

6  Privates. 

Company  Military  Police 
As  prescribed  for  troop  of  cavalry. 

Ambulance  Company 

1  Surgeon,  with  rank  of  Captain,  as  Commanding  Of- 
ficer. 


ARMY— FIGHTING  FORCE  11 

4  Assistant  Sur^i^eons,  with  rank  of  Captain  or  First 
Lieutenants. 

Organization  as  prescribed  for  line  company  of  infan- 
try, except  Sergeants  are  designated  Sergeants 
first  class  and  Sergeants,  according  to  their  re- 
spective duties.     In  addition: 

1  Horseshoer. 

1  Saddler:    In  charge  of  harness  and  equipment. 

Ammunition  Train  Section  :     Wafjon  Transporiatioyi 
1  Captain  or  Lieutenant,  as  Commanding  Ollicer. 
1  Sergeant  Wagonmaster. 
1  Clerk. 
4  Sergeants,  Assistant  Wagonmasters. 

1  Mess  Sergeant. 

2  Sergeant  Ilorseshoers. 
2  Sergeant  Farriers. 

2  Sergeant  Saddlers. 
1  Sergeant  Mechanic. 

1  Sergeant  Agent. 

2  Corporals,  Assistant  Wagonmasters. 

1  Corporal  Agent. 

2  Cooks. 

60  Privates,  first  class.  Teamsters. 
12  Privates,  Laborers. 

Ammunition  Train  Section:    Motor  Tratusportation 
1  Captain,  or  Lieutenant,  as  Commanding  Oflicer. 
1   Sergeant  Truckniaster. 
1   Clerk. 
'5  Sergeants,  Assistant  Truckmasters. 


12  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

1  Mess  Sergeant. 

1  Sergeant  Mechanic. 

1  Sergeant  Agent. 

1  Corporal  Agent. 

2  Cooks. 

33  Privates,  first  class,  as  Chauffeurs. 
2  Privates,  first  class,  as  Assistant  Mechanics. 
9  Privates  as  Assistant  Chauffeurs. 

Field  Bakery 

1  Captain,  or  Lieutenant,  as  Commanding  Officer. 
60  Men,  rated  as  Cooks. 
12  bake  ovens. 


Battalion  of  Infantry 

1  Major,  Battalion  Commander. 
1  First  Lieutenant,  Battalion  Adjutant. 
1  Sergeant-Major,  in  charge  of  the  battalion  books  and 
records. 
Mounted  Orderlies,  detailed  from  the  headquarters 
company. 
4  Line  companies^ 

Squadron  of  Cavalry 
As  prescribed  for  Battalion  of  Infantry: 
4  Line  troops. 

Battalion  of  Coast  Artillery 

As  prescribed  for  Battalion  of  Infantry: 
4  Line  companies. 


I'LATK  IX.    rNiF()K»^rs--rxiTi:i)  statks  AI^M^ 


Officers,  United  States  Army 

1.  Field  Service.  3.     Qarrisoo. 

2.  Overcoat, 


13 


14  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

Battalion  of  Field  Artillery 

As  prescribed  for  Battalion  of  Infantry : 
4  Batteries. 

Battalion  of  Engineers 
As  prescribed  for  Battalion  of  Infantry : 
4  Line  companies. 

Battalion  of  Signal  Corps:    Field  Battalion 
1  Major,  as  Commanding  Officer. 
1  First  Lieutenant,  as  Battalion  Adjutant  and  Supply 

Officer. 
1  Sergeant,  first  class,  as  Sergeant-Major. 
1  Color  Sergeant,  who  carries  the  battalion  guidon. 
4  Privates,  as  mounted  orderlies. 

1  Private,  as  driver. 

2  Companies. 

Battalion  Signal  Corps:     Aero  Sqicadron 
1  Major,  as  Commanding  Officer. 
12  Captains,  or  First  Lieutenants,  in  command  of  Sec- 
tions. 
12  Aviators. 
4  Master  Electricians. 
1  Supply  Section,  in  charge  of  supplies. 
1  Engineering  Section,  in  charge  of  mechanical  work. 
12  Aero  Sections. 


Regiment  of  Infantry 

1  Colonel,  Regimental  Commander. 

1  Lieutenant-Colonel:      Second    in    command,    whose 

duties  are  such  as  the  Regimental  Commander 

may  direct 


ARMY— FIGHTING  FORCE  15 

1  Chai^lain:  In  chargo  of  the  religious  instruction, 
ontertainmont,  mail,  and  assistant  to  the  surgeons 
with  the  sick  and  wounded. 

3  BattaHons  (12  Line  Companies). 

1  Headquarters  Company. 

1  Supply  Company. 

1  Machine  Gun  Company. 

1  Detachment  Medical  Corps. 

Regiment  of  Cavalry 

As  prescribed  for  Infantry,  with  following  additional : 

2  Veterinarians,  with  rank  of  Captain,  First  Lieuten- 

ant or  Second  Lieutenant,  in  charge  of  animals. 

Regiment  of  Coast  Artillery 

As  prescribed  for  Infantry,  without  Machine  Gun  Com- 
pany, and  the  following  additional  non-commis- 
sioned officers,  who  are  attached  to  an  organization 
in  such  numbers  as  their  services  are  required : 

Master  Electricians. 

Engineers. 

Electrician  Sergeants,  first  class. 

Electrician  sergeants,  second  class. 

Master  Gunners. 

Firemen. 

Regiment  of  Field  Artillery 

As  prescribed  for  Infantry,  without  the  Machine  Gun 
Company  and  with  the  following  additions: 

2  Veterinarians,  with  rank  of  Captain,  First  Lieuten- 
ant or  Second  Lieutenant,  in  charge  of  the  animals. 


16  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

Regiment  of  Engineers 
As  prescribed  for    Infantry,    without    Macliine    Gun 
Company. 

Regimental  Detachment  Medical  Corps 
1  Surgeon,  with  rank  of  Major. 
3  Assistant  Surgeons,  with  rank  of  Captain  or  First 

Lieutenant. 
1  Dental  Surgeon,    with    rank    of    First    Lieutenant. 
(When  three  regiments  are  brigaded  together,  there 
may  be  only  one  Dental  Surgeon  assigned  to  a 
Brigade.) 
Organization  as  prescribed  for  a  line  company  of 
infantry,   except   Sergeants   are  designated   Ser- 
geants first  class  and  Sergeants,  according  to  their 
respective  duties. 


Brigade 

1  Brigadier-General,  Brigade  Commander. 

1  Major,  Brigade  Adjutant. 

2  First  Lieutenants:   Aides  de  Camps  to  assist  Com- 

mander. 
2  Regiments  Infantry  and  1  Machine  Gun  Battalion. 
An  Artillery  Brigade  has  3  Regiments  Artillery  and 

1  Trench  Mortar  Battery. 


DmsioN 

1  Major-General,  Division  Commander. 

The  following  officers'  duties  are  the  same  as  the  de- 
partments and  corps  they  represent: 
1  Colonel,  Chief  of  Staff. 


PLAT1-:    X.      rxIFoiv'MS -rXITKI)    STATF.S    .\R^rY 


Enlistkd  Mf:N',  ryi'^'^r*  Statf.s  Army 

1.  Full       Dress        Dismounted.        3.  Full  Dress  Mounted.     When 

When  without  arms  breast  trithout  arms  breast  cord  is 

cord  is  not  worn,  not  worn. 

2.  White. 


17 


18  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

1  Major,  Assistant  Chief  of  Staff. 

1  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Chief  Quartermaster. 

1  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Chief  Surgeon. 

1  Lieutenant-Colonel,  in  charge  of  Military  Police. 

1  Major,  Division  Adjutant. 

1  Major,  Division  Inspector. 

1  Major,  Division  Judge  Advocate. 

3  Captains,  or  First  Lieutenants,  Aides  de  Camp,  de- 

tailed to  assist  the  Division  Commander  as  he  may 
direct. 

2  Brigades  of  Infantry. 

1  Brigade  of  Field  Artillery. 
1  Regiment  of  Cavalry. 
1  Regiment  of  Engineers. 
1  Battalion  Signal  Corps. 

1  Headquarters  Troop  of  Cavalry. 

2  Companies  Military  Police. 

4  Ambulance  Companies. 
4  Field  Hospitals. 

1  Supply  Train. 

1  Ammunition  Train. 

Cavalry  Division 
As  prescribed  for  a  Division,  with  the  following  altera- 
tions : 

2  to  4  Brigades  of  Cavalry. 

1  Regiment  of  Horse  Artillery. 
1  Mounted  Battalion  of  Engineers. 

1  Mounted  Battalion  of  Signal  Corps. 

2  Ambulance  Companies. 


ARMY— FIGHTING  FORCE  19 

2  Field  Hospitals. 
1  Supply  Train. 

Field  Hospital 

1  Surgeon,  with  rank  of  Major,  as  Commanding  Of- 
ficer. 

5  Assistant  Surgeons,  with  rank  of   Captain  or  First 

Lieutenant. 
Non-commissioned  officers   as   prescribed   for  Line 
Company  of  Infantry,  except  Sergeants  are  des- 
ignated Sergeants  first  class  and  Sergeants,  ac- 
cording to  their  respective  duties.    In  addition: 

Master  Hospital  Sergeant,  1   In  charge  of 

Hospital  Sergeant,  J     Pharmacy. 

1  Saddler,  in  charge  of  harness  and  equipment. 

1  Farrier,  in  charge  of  animals. 

Organization  of  privates  as  is  necessary  to  handle 
equipment  of  field  hospital  and  proper  care  of  the 
sick  and  wounded. 

Division  Supply  Train:     Wagon  Transportation 

1  Major,  as  Commanding  Officer. 

3  Captains. 

4  Veterinarians  with  rank  as  Second  Lieutenant. 

2  Quartermaster  Sergeants. 
14  Sergeants. 

2  Mess  Sergeants. 
12  Horseshoers. 

6  Farriers. 
6  Saddlers. 
2  Mechanics. 


20  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

12  Corporals. 

6  Cooks. 

8  Privates,  first  class. 
195  Privates,  as  Teamsters. 
36  Privates,  as  Laborers. 

Division  Supply  Train:    Motor  Transportation 

1  Major,  as  Commanding  Officer. 

7  Lieutenants,  either  first  or  second. 

2  Quartermaster  Sergeants. 
30  Sergeants. 

6  Mess  Sergeants. 

6  Mechanics. 
12  Cooks. 
200  Privates,  first  class,  as  Chauffeurs. 
12  Privates,  first  class,  as  Assistant  Mechanics. 
55  Privates,  as  Assistant  Chauffeurs. 

Division  Ammunition  Train  :     Wagon  or  Motor  Trans- 
portation 
1  Lieutenant-Colonel,  as  Commanding  Officer. 
1  Captain,  as  Adjutant. 

1  Sergeant-Major. 

2  Sergeant  Agents. 

4  Privates,  as  Clerks. 
.    3  Sections. 

Field  Army 
1  Lieutenant-General,    or    Major-General,    as    Com- 
mander. 
The  following  officers^  duties  are  the  same  as  the 
departments  and  corps  they  represent : 


PLATE    XI.      rXTFORMS— rXTTFD    STATES    ARMY 


Enlisted  Men,  United  States  Army 

1.  "Winter.  3.    Field  Senice. 

2.  Garrison. 


31 


22  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

1  Brigadier-General,  Chief  of  Staff. 

1  Colonel,  Adjutant  General. 

1  Colonel,  Inspector. 

1  Colonel,  Judge  Advocate. 

1  Colonel,  Chief  Quartermaster. 

1  Colonel,  Chief  of  Engineers. 

1  Colonel,  Chief  Surgeon. 

1  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Chief  of  Ordnance. 

1  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Chief  Signal  Officer. 
3  Lieutenant-Colonels  as  Aides  de  Camp,  detailed  to 

assist  the  Field  Army  Commander,  as  he  may  di- 
rect. 

2  Divisions,  with  additional  troops  as  follows : 
1  Brigade  of  Cavalry. 

1  Regiment  of  Infantry. 

1  Regiment  of  Field  Artillery. 

1  Pontoon  Battalion  of  Engineers. 

1  Aero  Wireless  Battalion. 

1  Ambulance  Company. 

1  Field  Hospital. 


i 


Army 

Of  such  a  number  of  Field  Armies  as  may  be  required^ 
The  rank  of  the  commanding  officer  being  deter- 
mined by  the  President,  approved  by  Congress. 


STRENGTH 

The  stren^h  of  the  aniiy  as  authorized  on  January  1, 
1917,  was  given  as 

Officers   5,28G 

Men     137,214 

Divided  as  follows: 

Officers     Men 
Major  Generals  of  the  Line..,..         6 
Brigadier  Generals  of  the  Line.  .       15 
Major  Generals  of  Departments 

or  Corps 1 

Brigadier   Generals    of   Depart- 
ments or  Corps , 11 

Departmental  or  Corps  Officers     149 

17  Regiments  of  Cavalry 867       17,255 

36  Regiments  of  Infantr>" 1,855        50,633 

9  Regiments  Field  Artillery.  . .     387         7,881 

Coast  Artillery  Corps 715       21,423 

Corps  of  Engineers 201         2,198 

Signal  Corps  22         1,978 

Quartermaster  Corps    78  8,000 

Ordnance  Department 28  1,241 

Medical  Department   596         6,534 

Chaplains   37 

Porto  Rico  Regiment 32  591 

Philippine  Scouts 180         5,733 

Detached   and    Unassigned   Offi- 
cers     - 136 

23 


24  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

Miscellaneous  Organizations  as  follows: 
Service  School  Departments. ....... 

School  of  Bakers  and  Cooks 

Discipline  Barrack's  Guards. ... .... 

Recruiting  Service 

Orderlies  to  General  Officers.  . . .,. . .,. .  -  13,747 

Indian  Scouts   , 

Enlisted  men  detailed  as  instructors 

to  the  National  Guard. 

Unassigned  Recruits 


On  May  14th,  1917,  the  President  ordered  the  forma- 
tion of  27  new  regiments  of  Infantry,  6  new  regiments  of 
Cavalry,  12  new  regiments  of  Field  Artillery  and  all 
organizations  recruited  to  a  war  strength.  This  will 
bring  up  the  strength  of  the  army  as  follows : 

Officers     Men 

Infantry:  64  regiments 3,379      127,985 

Calvary :  23  regiments 1,325       37,145 

Field  Artillery:  21  regiments.  . .     897       26,748 

With  the  other  units  of  the  army  recruited  to  a  war 
strength  the  regular  army  will  number 

12,000  officers  293,000  men 


ARMY— STRENGTH  25 

Organizatiou  at  full  war  strength,  ofliccrs  and  men  will 
be  as  follows: 

Regiment  of  Cavalry 1,579 

Regiment  of  Infantry    2,058 

Regiment  of  Light  Artillery  1,3.'>7 

Regiment  of  Horse  Artillery 1,176 

Regiment  of  ^lountain  Artillery    1,081 

Regiment  of  Heavv  Artillery   1,222 

Regiment  of  Engineers   1,098 

Ky  August  1,  1917,  various  authorized  changes  had  in- 
creased the  strength  of  certain  organizations  of  the  army 
until  they  contained  the  following  number  of  officers  and 
men : 

Rifle  Company 256 

Machine  Gun  Company 178 

Headquarters  Company 301 

Regiment  of  Infantry 3,755 

Brigade 10,245 

Division  27,152 


PLATE    XII.     INSIGNIA— UNITED    STATES    ARMY 


16 


^Vr.>■.■.v,^^J;.^J^ 


^^ 


17 


rr.--.-aff'raja&L.->->y^'>-- 


18 


II  li 


19 


26 


ARxMY— INSIGNIA 


27 


Insignia  of  Rank  and  Devices,  Army 


Epaulettes,  General  Oiricers  Dis- 
mounted. Gold  with  in- 
sirftiia  of  rank  in  silver. 

1.     Lieuteiiaiit-(  Jeneral. 

■J.  Major-General.  Pad  and 
fritKje  the  same  as  1. 

3.  Hrii^adier  General.    Pad  and 

fringe  the  same  as  1. 

4.  Pad  for  General  Officers  in 
the  National  Guard.  Let- 
ters of  state  in  silver. 

Shoulder  Knots,  General  Officers 
Mounted  and  All  Other  Of- 
ficei*s.  Itisignia  of  rank  sil- 
ver, except  major. 

5.  Colonel  Full  Dress  Knot. 
Other  Officer's  Insiirnia  for  Knot. 

(J.     Lieutenant-Colonel. 

7.  Major.    Gold  leaf, 

8.  Captain. 

9.  Fii-st  Lieutenant. 

Second    Lieutenant.      Plairt 
knot. 

10.  Pad  for  Officers  in  the  Na- 
tional Guard.  Worn  on 
knot  al)ove  insignia,  letters 
of  state  in  silver. 

11.  Officer's  Cap  Ornament. 
Gold  on  dress  and  white  cap, 
bronze  on  garrison  cap. 

Shoulder  Straps.  Worn  on  dress 
coat  by  all  officers.  Color 
of  field  depends  on  the 
branch  of  the  service.  See 
PLATE  II. 

12.  General. 

13.  Lieutenant-General. 


14.  Major-General. 
IT).     Hrii,^adier-General. 

16.  Colonel. 

17.  Lieutenant-Colonel. 

15.  Major.     Gold  leaf, 
10.     C;iptnin. 

20.  First  Lieutenant. 

21.  Second   Lieutenant. 

22.  Chaplain. 

De\'ices  of  Hrauches  of  the  Serv- 
ice. Worn  in  gold  by  offi- 
cers on  sleeves  of  full  dress 
coat  and  on  collars  of  dress 
and  white  coats;  by  enlistrd 
men  on  collar  of  dress  and 
white  coats.  In  bronze  by 
officers  on  service  coats  and 
flannel  shirts. 

23.  General  Staff. 

24.  Chief  of  Staff  and  Assistant 
Chief  of  Staff.  If  these  of- 
ficers are  not  detailed  from 
General  Staff. 

25.  Adjutant-General's  Depart- 
ment. 

26.  Inspector-General's  Depart- 
ment. 

27.  J  udijre- Advocate's  Depart- 
ment. 

28.  Medical  Department. 

29.  Quartermaster    Depjirtment. 

30.  KiiL'ineer  Corps. 

31.  Ordnance   Department. 

32.  Siioial  Corps. 

33.  Hureau  of  Insular  Affairs. 
.'^4.     U.  S.  Mililarj'  Academy. 


PLATE  XIII.     INSIGNIA— UNITED   STATES   ARMY 


3 


t 


It 


12 


15  14 


10 


15 


19 


UJo  i J.[g.  KIZ 


^  ^ 


T& 


26 


# 


17 


18 


i 

s 


20  ai  22  23  24  25 


27  28  29  30  31  32 


28 


ARMY— INSIGNIA 


29 


Insignia  op  Kank 
Devices    of    the    branches    of    the 
service  continued  from  PlcUe 
XII. 

1.  Cavalry. 

2.  Infantry. 

3.  Field  Artilleo'. 

4.  Coast  Artillery  Corps. 

5.  Porto  Kico  Rcuriment. 
G.     Philippine  Scouts. 

7.  Bandsman. 

8.  Bugler. 

9.  Electrician. 

10.  Kecruiting  Sen'ice. 

11.  Chaplain. 

12.  Aide  de  Camps.  Number  of 
stars  according  to  rank  of 
general   on   whose   staff   the 

aide  is  serving:  3  Lieuter^ 
ant-Gcneral,  2  Major-Gen- 
eral,  1  lirigadicr-General. 
Aids  to  governors,  of  states 
have  state  Utters  it^tcad  of 
itars. 

13.  Veterinaries. 

14.  A\*iation  Section. 

15.  Dental  Corps. 

Letters.     T^'orn  on  collar  of  dress 


AND  Devices,  Army 

coat  in  gold,  service  coat  in 
bronze. 

16.  United  States  OfTicers. 

17.  OlTicers  Reserved  Corps. 

18.  Oflicei-s,     National     Guard, 
Letters  of  state. 

Sleeve  Braiding  on  Full  Drcs^ 
Coat.  Device  shown  in 
braiding  denotes  brar^ch  of 
service. 

19.  Lieutenant-General. 

20.  Maj<)r-(jeneral. 

21.  Bri^j^adier-General. 

22.  Colonel. 

23.  Lieutenant-Colonel. 

24.  Major. 

25.  Captain. 

26.  First  Lieutenant. 

27.  Second  Lieutenant. 

28.  General  OtTicer,  Dress  Coat. 

29.  All  Omcers,  Service  Coat. 

30.  All  Ollicers,  White  Coat. 

31.  General  OfTicer,  Overcoat. 

32.  All    Other    Officers,    Over- 
coat. 

Braiding  corresponds  in 
numher  of  strands  to  that  on 
full  dress  coat. 


SELECTIVE   DRAFT 

For  the  temporary  increase  in  the  army  and  navy 
during  the  war  with  the  Central  Powers  the  President 
on  May  18th,  1917,  signed  the  Selective  Draft  Bill.  Un- 
der the  provision  of  this  bill  all  citizens  of  the  United 
States  between  the  ages  of  21  and  30  are  registered,  but 
the  following  are  exempt  from  Military  or  Naval  Ser- 
vice : 

Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 

Officers:  Legislative,  executive  and  judicial  of  the 
United  States  or  the  several  States  and  Territories. 

Regularly  ordained  ministers  of  religion. 

Students  who  are  preparing  for  the  ministry  in  recog- 
nized theological  or  divinity  schools. 

All  persons  already  in  the  Military  or  Naval  Service 
of  the  United  States. 

Under  special  conditions  the  following  may  be  ex- 
empted from  the  full  service  Draft  but  may  be  drafted 
for  partial  service  as  the  President  may  designate : 

Members  of  a  well  recognized  religious  sect  or  organi- 
zation at  present  organized  and  existing  whose  ex- 
isting creed  or  principals  forbid  its  members  from 
participating  in  w^ar.  If  drafted  to  serve  in  a  non- 
combatant  position. 

30 


ARMY— SELECTIVE  DILVFT  31 

County  and  municipal  officials. 

Custom  House  clerks. 

Persons  employed  in  transmission  of  mails. 

Artificers  and  workmen  employed  in  Armories,  Ar- 
senals and  Navy  Yards.  Such  other  persons  em- 
ployed as  the  President  may  designate: 

Pilots. 

Mariners  employed  in  sea  service  by  any  citizen  of  the 
United  States. 

Persons  engaged  in  industries,  including  agriculture, 
found  to  be  necessary  for  the  maintenance  of  the 
Military  or  Naval  establishment  or  effective  opera- 
tion of  these  forces,  or  maintenance  of  national  in- 
terests, during  emergency. 

Persons  having  others  dependent  on  them  for  support 
that  renders  their  exclusion  advisable. 

No  exemptions  or  exclusions  shall  continue  when  the 
cause  therefor  no  longer  exists. 

After  those  exempted  have  been  excluded  from  the 
names  remaining,  a  selected  draft  will  be  made,  each 
draft  in  such  numbers  and  at  such  periods  as  the  Presi- 
dent may  direct.  Those  men  that  are  drawn  will  report 
at  the  fixed  mobilization  points  for  instruction  and  organ- 
ization. The  number  decided  upon  for  the  first  draft 
was  500,000  and  after  such  assignments  are  made  to  the 
already  existing  organization  the  President  may  author- 
ize the  organization  of  such  additional  units  as  may  be 
necessary  to  provide  for  the  number  of  men  in  training. 


32  AKMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

It  is  estimated  that  the  first  draft  should  add  the  follow- 
ing organizations  to  the  Army: 

16  Infantry  Divisions. 

2  Cavalry  Divisions. 
16  Artillery  Brigades. 

8  Aero  Squadrons. 

6  Supply  Trains. 

6  Ammunition  Trains. 

6  Telephone  Battalions. 
22  Field  Bakeries. 
18  Divisional  Hospitals. 

70  Camp  Hospitals.  | 

10  Field  Hospitals.  ^ 

10  Ambulance  Companies,  and  the  necessary  men  for 
the  Coast  Artillery  Corps. 

After  the  proper  organization  of  the  first  draft,  should 
the  emergency  require,  such  additional  draft  will  be 
made  as  the  President  may  designate  and  after  assign- 
ments have  been  made  to  the  existing  organization  to 
fill  casualties,  additional  units  may  be  organized. 

When  ordered  by  the  President  a  certain  number  of 
those  men  drafted  may  be  assigned  to  duty  in  the  Naval 
and  Marine  Corps'  Service. 


SERVICE 

Officers.  Officers  must  be  pr^cluates  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  at  West  Point  or  appointed 
by  the  President.  Cadets  may  enter  the  Academy  be- 
tween 17  and  22  years  and  on  g'raduating  are  commis- 
sioned 2d  Lieutenants  in  the  different  branches  of  the 
service.  Iilach  Senator,  Representative  and  Delegate  in 
Congress  is  entitled  to  have  2  cadets  at  the  Academy 
at  one  time.  The  District  of  Columbia  4  cadets,  and  there 
are  80  appointments  at  large  specially  conferred  by  the 
President.  The  President  also  appoints  to  the  number 
of  180  specially  recommended  men  from  the  enlisted 
soldiers  of  the  army  and  National  Guard  and  4  are  ap- 
pointed on  the  recommendation  by  the  Philippine  Com- 
mission, but  the  last  on  graduation  are  eligible  for  com- 
missions  in  the  Philippine  Scouts  only. 

All  candidates  are  required  to  pass  a  physical  and 
mental  examination  and  for  each  vacancy  three  (3)  can- 
didates are  appointed :  One  Principal  and  2  Alternates. 
All  take  the  examinations  at  the  same  time  and  if  the 
Principal  fails  to  pass  the  appointment  goes  to  the  Al- 
ternate making  the  highest  average  of  proficiency. 

Each  year  after  the  graduates  from  the  Military  Acad- 
emy have  ])een  assigned  further  vacancies  are  filled  by 

33 


34  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

appointments  by  the  President  from  the  enlisted  men  of 
the  Army,  the  National  Guard,  or  civilians  who  have 
graduated  from  a  school  or  educational  institution  where 
military  instruction  is  a  part  of  the  course  of  study.  Ap- 
plications for  appointments  for  commissions  must  be 
between  21  and  27  years  of  age  and  are  required  to  take  a 
severe  physical  and  mental  examination.  On  receiving 
their  commissions  they  are  generally  ordered  to  one  of 
the  Service  Schools  for  a  course  in  special  instructions 
before  joining  the  organization  to  which  they  have  been 
assigned.  Exceptions  are  sometimes  made  by  a  direct 
appointment  from  civil  life  without  any  of  the  above 
qualifications  but  only  for  some  special  reason. 

In  time  of  war  or  an  enlargement  of  the  Army  or  for 
other  reasons  temporary  officers  are  detailed  from  the 
Officers'  Reserve  Corps.  Officers  are  appointed  to  this 
who  have  served  either  in  the  Regular  Army  or  National 
Guard,  are  graduates  from  schools  or  educational  institu- 
tions where  military  instruction  is  a  part  of  the  course  of 
study  or  have  creditably  attended  the  Citizens  Train- 
ing Camps  under  Army  control.  An  applicant  for  the 
Corps  is  required  to  pass  a  physical  and  mental  examina- 
tion before  he  receives  his  appointment  and  on  being 
commissioned  is  liable  to  be  ordered  on  active  duty  at 
any  time  his  services  may  be  required.  Officers  of  the 
National  Guard  in  the  State  Service  are  commissioned 
by  the  Governors  of  the  respective  States  after  passing 
the  prescribed  examination.  On  entering  the  Federal 
Service  they  do  so  with  the  rank  they  hold.  After  an 
organization  is  in  the  Federal  Service  enlisted  men  are 


ARMY— SERVICE  35 

recommended  for  commissions  and  are  appointed  by  the 
President  in  the  same  manner  as  prescribed  for  Reserve 
Officers. 

Retirement,  Officers  on  reaching  the  age  of  64  years 
are  placed  on  the  retired  list  at  three-quarter  pay  of  the 
rank  in  which  they  were  retired.  They  may  be  called 
back  to  duty  if  they  offer  their  services  in  certain  emer- 
gencies but  can  only  serve  in  administrative  positions. 

An  officer  after  completing  thirty  years  of  service  may 
be  placed  on  the  retired  list  at  his  own  request,  but  is 
liable  to  be  returned  to  duty  if  his  serv^ices  are  required 
and  continued  in  soi^'ice  until  he  reaches  the  retiring  age. 

An  officer  who  from  wounds  or  other  causes  becomes 
physically  disabled  and  unable  to  perform  his  full  duty 
may  be  placed  on  the  retired  list  by  the  reconmienda- 
tion  of  a  Medical  Board.  On  making  a  complete  re- 
covery he  may  be  returned  to  the  active  list  by  the  same 
procedure.  An  officer  wishing  to  leave  the  Army  may 
resign  and  on  his  resignation  having  been  accepted  by 
the  President  he  completely  severs  his  connection  with 
the  service.  Retirements  and  resignations  of  officers  of 
the  r)fficers^  Reserve  Corps  and  officers  of  the  National 
Guard  when  in  Federal  Service  follow  the  same  course. 
National  Guard  Officers  not  in  the  Federal  Service  re- 
sign to  the  Governor  of  their  respective  States  and  are 
retired  under  the  same  regulation  as  prescribed  for  the 
Army. 

Enlisted  Men.  Enlisted  men  entering  the  Army,  as 
volunteers,  enlist  for  seven  years.    Recruits  may  be  en- 


36  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

listed  from  18  to  35  years  of  age,  and,  if  enlisted  as  musi- 
cians, at  16  years.  They  must  be  physically  in  fine  con- 
dition. After  three  years  of  active  duty  with  the  colors  in 
time  of  peace,  a  man  may  at  his  own  request  be  trans- 
ferred to  the  Reserve  for  the  balance  of  his  enlistment. 
During  that  period  he  may  be  called  back  to  the  colors 
at  any  time  in  case  of  war,  or  great  emergency,  to  serve 
out  the  unexpired  time  of  his  enlistment.  If  the  country 
be  at  war  no  transfers  to  the  Reserve  are  made.  By 
special  order  of  the  President,  in  time  of  war  special 
enlistments  may  be  made  for  the  duration  of  the  war. 

Enlistments  in  the  National  Guard  are  covered  by  the 
same  regulations  except  the  period  of  active  duty  with 
the  colors  in  time  of  peace  is  three  years.  Enlisted  men 
are  placed  on  the  retired  list  under  the  same  conditions 
as  officers. 


INSTRUCTION 

The  United  States  Military  Academy  is  situated  at 
West  Point,  New  York,  and  is  a  school  for  the  practical 
and  theoretical  training  of  cadets  for  military  service. 

Oflicers  and  men  for  advanced  or  special  instruction 
may  be  ordered  to  take  a  course  at  one  of  the  following 
schools. 

Army  War  College  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

For  instructions  in  the  highest  branches  of  military 
lore  and  special  work  in  connection  with  the  General 
StafT. 

Staff  College,  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas. 

For  instruction  in  the  duties  of  the  various  StafT  De- 
partments. 

For  instruction  in  various  branches  as  their  names 
indicate: 

Coast  Artiij^ry  School,  Fort  Monroe,  Virginia. 

Engineer  School,  Washington  Barracks,  District  of  Co- 
lumbia. 

Cavalry  and  Fieij)  Artiu^ry  School,  Fort  Riley,  Kan- 
sas. 

Army    ^^EDI^AL    School,    Washington,    District    of    Co- 
lumbia. 

87 


38 


ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFOEMATION 


Fort 

Leavenworth, 

Kansas. 


Infantry  School  (School  of  the  Line) 

Army  Signal  School 

Field  Engineering  School 

Field   Service    School   for   Medical 

Officers 
School  of  Fire,  Field  Artillery]  Fort  Sill, 
School  of  Musketry  J  Oklahoma. 

[San  Diego,  California. 
Signal  Corps  Aviation  Schools  J  Chicago,  Illinois. 

[  Mineola,  New  York. 
Ordnance  School  of  Application,   Sandy  Hook,  New 
Jersey. 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Monterey,  California. 
Fort  Sam  Houston,  Texas. 
Fort  Shafter,  Hawaii. 
Fort  Riley,  Kansas. 


Schools  for  Bakers  and 
Cooks 


ARMAMENT 

Artillery  is  divided  into  two  classes :  Field  Artillery  and 
Coast  Defense  Artillery. 

Field  Artili^ry  is  subdivided  as  follows : 

Light  Artillery:  Amied  with  3  point  2  (3.2  inch) 
guns  drawn  by  6  horses.  Officers,  Non-Commis- 
sioned  Officers  and  certain  privates  are  mounted. 
Cannoniers  ride  on  the  gim  carriages  or  caissons. 

Horse  Artillery:  Armed  as  prescribed  for  Light  Ar- 
tillery. All  officers  and  men  mounted  for  rapid  move- 
ments generally  in  conjunction  with  cavalry. 

Heavy  Artillery:  Armed  with  4  point  7  (4.7)  guns  of 
howitzer  or  siege  type,  dra^vn  by  8  horses.  Offi- 
cers, Non-Conimissioned  Officers  and  certain  pri- 
vates are  mounted.  Cannoniers  may  ride  on  the 
gun  carriages  or  caissons  but  generally  march. 

Mountain  Artillery:  Armed  with  small  field  guns, 
field  howitzers,  or  machine  guns  carried  with  the 
extra  ammunition  and  full  equipment  on  the  backs 
of  pack  animals.  Officers  and  certain  Non-Commis- 
sioned  Officers  are  mounted.  All  other  Non-Com- 
missioned  Officers  and  men  march. 

Machine  Guns:  There  are  several  varieties  of  these 
guns  in  use,  the  best  kno\\Ti  being  the  Lewis,  Benct- 

39 


40  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

Mecier,  and  Colt.  In  transporting  them  they  are 
carried  on  pack  animals  and  are  in  charge  of  ma- 
chine gun  companies. 

Coast  Defense  Artillery:  Varies  so  in  its  armament 
that  it  is  impossible  to  describe  it  in  detail  without  tak- 
ing up  more  space  than  can  be  allowed  for  this  subject. 
The  guns  vary  in  size  from  a  caliber  of  16  inches  to  the 
smallest  machine  gun,  and  are  so  mounted  in  the  vari- 
ous coast  fortifications  as  may  be  necessary  to  obtain 
the  best  results  in  defending  them.  In  addition  to  the 
handling  of  the  guns,  the  Coast  Artillery  is  also  given 
the  protection  of  harbors  and  channels  by  the  planting 
and  care  of  mines,  submarine  nets,  and  other  means  of 
harbor  and  channel  defense. 

Rifle:  The  rifle  used  by  all  branches  of  the  service 
so  armed  is  known  as  the  Springfield,  from  the  name  of 
the  Arsenal  where  they  are  manufactured. 

Caliber,  .30  inches 

Length,  without  bayonet,       3.6  feet 
Length  with  bayonet,  4.9    ** 

Weight,  8.6  lbs. 

Cartridges  in  magazine,         5 

Pistol:  All  ofiicers,  Colt's  Automatic  Pistols,  cali- 
ber .45. 

Cartridges  in  magazine,  10. 

Enlisted  men  are  gradually  being  armed  with  auto- 
matics, but  some  branches  of  the  service  still  carry  Colt's 
revolvers,  caliber  .38  and  .45. 

Cartridges  in  chamber,  5. 


AKMY— AKMAMENT  41 

Enfieij)  Rifle:  The  raising  of  such  a  large  army 
suddenly  completely  overtaxed  the  facility  of  the  Gov- 
ernment Arsenal  to  provide  it  with  proper  small  arms. 
It  was,  therefore,  decided  to  procure  a  certain  number 
of  the  Enfield  Rifles  used  by  the  British  Army  for  the 
immediate  equipping  of  extra  troops;  the  rifles  being  so 
constructed  that  American  ammunition  can  be  used. 


AVIATION 

All  aviation  is  directly  in  charge  of  the  Signal  Corps, 
but  officers  and  men  may  be  detailed  from  any  branch  for 
service  in  this  arm.  The  number  of  officers  authorized 
for  this  work  is: 

1  Colonel 

1  Lieutenant-Colonel 
8  Majors 
24  Captains 
114  First  Lieutenants 
and  such  a  number  of  enlisted  men  as  may  be  fixed  by  the 
President  as  their  services  are  required.    The  organiza- 
tion in  June,  1917,  was  4  Aero  Squadrons,  but  the  num- 
ber was  to  be  rapidly  increased  as  soon  as  the  necessary 
aeroplane  and  balloons  were  procured  and  the  officers 
and  men  under  instruction  were  ready  to  handle  them. 

Officers  and  men  while  serving  with  the  Aviation  Sec- 
tion are  required  to  participate  regularly  and  frequently 
in  aerial  flights  and  receive  an  increase  of  pay  of  this 
grade  based  on  their  rating  for  efficiency  and  the  work 
that  they  are  required  to  do : 

Aviation  Officers,  25%  increase 

Junior  Military  Aviators,  50%  increase 
Military  Aviators,  75%  increase 

Enlisted  Men,  50%  increase 

42 


ARMY— AVIATION  43 

It  seemed,  in  the  summer  of  1917,  that  Aviation  was  to 
be  one  of  the  principal  factors  in  brinii^ini^  the  war  to  a 
successful  termination  for  the  Allies,  and  every  effort 
was  being  made  to  throw  into  the  field  of  operations  as 
many  aerial  craft  as  possible.  Some  estimates  placed 
the  number  of  aeroplanes  required  at  over  100,000,  and 
on  the  best  authority  obtainable  it  seemed  that  25,000 
would  be  i*ushed  into  service  as  rapidly  as  possible.  It 
was  the  training  of  the  necessary  aviators  to  make  them 
effective  that  would  take  the  time,  as  the  machines  could 
be  manufactured  much  more  rapidly  than  the  men  trained 
to  handle  them.  The  makes  of  aerial  craft  are  of  such  a 
variety  that  a  detailed  description  must  be  left  to  special 
works  on  this  subject.  The  principal  type  of  plane  is 
what  is  kno\\Ti  as  the  fighting  plane,  built  to  carry  a  ma- 
chine gun  of  the  Lewis  type  and  a  man  to  operate  it,  in 
addition  to  the  aviators.  The  airships  in  use  and  being 
constructed  at  this  time  were  of  the  observation  type 
only,  and  no  attempt  was  made  to  copy  the  German  Zep- 
pelins, as  their  accomplishments  have  not  justified  the 
use  of  material,  labor  and  expense  necessary  for  their 
construction. 


PAY 


Officers  and  men  are  paid  monthly. 
General   (as  the  President,  with  the 
approval  of  Congress,  may  decide) 

Lieutenant-General    .  .>. i. . . 

Major-General  . >. . .,. . . . 

Brigadier-General  i. ,. 

Colonel .1. . .,. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  .....>.. .,. . .,. 

Major .,. . ., , : , 

Captain 

First  Lieutenant  .. 

Second  Lieutenant  .  .> 


$916.87 
666.67 
500.00 
333.33 
291.67 
250.00 
200.00 
166.67 
141.67 


Master  Signal  Electrician. " 

Master  Electrician  , 

Band  Leader , 

Eegimental  Sergeant-Major  . ., 

Eegimental  Supply  Sergeant. 

Electrician  Sergeant,  first  class 

Signal  Sergeant,  first  class 

Post  Ordnance  Sergeant 

Sergeant,  Quartermaster  Corps 

Battalion  Sergeant-Major,  Engineers 
First  Sergeant 

44 


75.00 


45.00 


ARMY— PAY 


45 


Battalion  and  Squadron  Scrgeant- 

Major .1. . .  .,. . . 

Master  Gunner ,. 

Assistant  Band  Leader. . .,. . .,. . 

Electrician  Sergeant,  second  class. . . 

Sergeant,  Engineers,  Ordnance,  Sig- 
nal Corps,  Band  .  . . .  .>. . . . ...... 

Color  Sergeant — 

Drum  Major < 

Sergeant,  Infantry,  Cavalry,  Artil- 
lery, Hospital  Corps 

Supply  Sergeant , :. 

Mess  Sergeant 

Radio  Sergeant 

Sergeant  Bugler • 

Stable  Sergeant 

Fireman 

Corporal 

Cook 

Horsesboer   .  . .  •. 

Corporals,  Engineers,  Ordnance,  Sig-"^ 
nal  Corps,  Hospital  Corps 

Mecbanics,  Coast  Artillery 

Privates,  Band 

Corporal,  Infantry,  Cavalry,  Artil- 
lery  

Mecbanic  

Farrier   

Saddler  


40.00 


36.00 


$30.00 


24.00 


21.00 


46  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

First-class  Private  18.00 

Private,  Hospital  Corps 16.00 

Privates,  excepted  were  noted  above" 

Companv,  Troop    or   Battery   Musi- 1-  15 .  00 

cians 

Officers  :  There  shall  be  allowed  and  paid  each  com- 
missioned officer  below  the  rank  of  Brigadier-General, 
10%  additional  to  his  current  yearly  pay  for  each  term 
of  five  years*  service,  known  as  longevity  pay.  The  total 
amount  of  this  increase  shall  in  no  case  exceed  407c.  Of- 
ficers receive  10%  additional  pay  per  month  when  serving 
outside  the  Continental  limits  of  the  United  States,  ex- 
cept in  the  Canal  Zone,  Panama,  Porto  Rico  and  Hawaii. 

Officers  when  on  aviation  duty  and  when  required  to 
participate  regularly  in  aerial  flights  receive  an  increase 
of  pay  per  month,  as  follows : 

Aviation  Officers,  25% 

Junior  Military  Aviators,  50% 

Military  xlviators,  '  75% 

Enlisted  Men:  On  reenlisting,  a  man  receives  addi- 
tional pay  monthly  for  each  enlistment,  figured  on  base 
pay  as  follows: 

7th 
10.00 

18.00 
24.00 


If  Receiving 

2d 

3d 

4th 

5th 

6th 

$15.00  or  $16.00 

3.00 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

9.00 

$18.00  to  $30.00 

3.00 

6.00 

9.00 

12.00 

15.00 

$36.00  to  $75.00 

4.00 

8.00 

12.00 

16.00 

20.00 

< 


ARMY— PAY  47 

Additional  allowances  are  made  as  follows: 
Holders    of    Certificates    of    Merit,    $2.00    additional 
monthly. 

When  detailed  for  aviation  duty  and  required  to  par- 
ticipate regularly  in  aerial  flii^hts,  507c  additional  pay 
while  so  serving. 

When  efficient  in  marksmanship,  extra  monthly  allow- 
ance as  follows : 

Marksmen  and  second-class  gunners.  . . .     $2.00 
Sharpshooters  and  first-class  gunners..       3.00 
Expert  riflemen,  expert  first-class  gunners     5.00 
Gun  Pointers,  Gun  Commanders,  Second- 
class  Observers,  Chief  Planters,  Chief 
Loaders 7.00 

Plotters,  First-class  Observers,  Casement 

Electricians,  Coxswains 9.00 

Additional  monthly  pay  is  also  allowed  the  following 
when  performing  special  duty: 

Mess  Sergeants  $6.00 

Hospital  Corps  Men,  when  acting  as  Sur- 
gical Assistants  6.00 

Hospital  Corps  Men,  when  acting  as  Dis- 
pensary Assistants  2.00 

Commencing  June  1,  1917,  and  continuing  until  the 
tennination  of  the  present  emergency,  the  pay  of  the  en- 
listed men  in  active  service  is  increased  as  follows.  (The 
amount  figured  on  base  pay.) 


48  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

Those  men  who  do  not  receive  over  $21.00  a  month, 
$15.00  a  month  additional. 

Those  men  who  receive  $24.00  to  $30.00  a  month,  $12.00 
a  month  additional. 

Those  men  who  receive  $30.00  to  $40.00  a  month,  $8.00 
a  month  additional. 

Those  men  who  receive  over  $40.00  a  month,  $6.00  a 
month  additional. 


UNIFORMS    AND    EQUIPMENT 

Officers  are  required  to  purchase  their  own  uniforms 
and  equipments  and  to  keep  themselves  supplied  with  the 
required  articles  at  all  times. 

Enlisted  Men,  on  joining,  have  issued  to  them  the  fol- 
lowing articles  of  clothing  and  equipment. 
hi  time  of  peace:       1  Dress  Cap 

1  Dress  Coat 
1  pair  of  Dress  Trousers  or 

Breeches 
1  Breast  Cord 
White  Gloves 


1  Garrison  Cap 

1  Leather  Body  Belt. 

At  all  times: 

1  Service  Hat  and  Cord 

1  Coat,  O.D.  Woolen 

1  Coat,  O.D.  Cotton 

2  Shirts,  O.D.  Flannel 

1  Breeches,  O.D.  Woolen 

1  Breeches,  O.D.  Cotton 

1  Pair  Leggings 

2  Pair  Slioes 

3  Pair  Drawers 

2  Undershirts 

49 

50  AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFOKMATION 

4  Pair  Socks 
1  Overcoat 

1  Sweater 

2  Blankets 

1  Half  Shelter  Tent 

1  Cartridge  Belt 

1  Mess  Outfit 

1  Canteen 
Chevrons  and  Arm  Devices, 
when  required 

1  First  Aid  Packet 
Dismounted  Troops:  1  Pack  Carrier 

1  Poncho 
Mounted  Troops:       1  Pair  Saddle  Bags 

1  Saddle  Blanket 

1  Set  Horse  Equipments 

1  Slicker. 

Each  individual  is  furnished  with  the  proper  small 
arms  for  his  respective  position  and  branch  of  the  ser- 
vice. 

Each  of  the  articles  issued  has  a  rated  value,  and  when 
a  man  enlists  such  articles  as  are  necessary  are  issued  to 
him  and  their  value  charged  against  what  is  kno^\^l  as  his 
clothing  allowance,  amounting  to  $52.4-5  the  first  year,  and 
$25.55  for  each  succeeding  year  of  his  enlistment.  This  is 
placed  to  his  credit  on  the  Company  Books,  and  a  man  is 
entitled  to  draw  and  have  charged  against  this  account, 
not  exceeding  annually  the  specified  amount,  such  arti- 
cles of  uniform  and  equipment  that  are  necessary  for  him 
to  replace  those  worn  out  or  lost.    If  in  the  judgment  of 


ARMY— UNIFORMS  AND  EQUIPMENT         51 

his  commanding  ofTiccr,  or  an  inspector,  any  article  is  un- 
fit for  use,  its  owner  is  ordered  to  replace  it,  which  re- 
placement is  charged  against  his  account,  unless  the  arti- 
cle has  been  damaged  in  some  w^ay  for  which  the  o\vTier  is 
not  responsible.  In  this  case,  on  appealing  to  the  proper 
authority,  the  article  may  be  condemned  and  a  new  one 
issued  to  the  man  without  its  being  charged  against  him. 

At  the  completion  of  an  enlistment  a  discharged  man 
Ireceives  in  ciisli  the  unexpended  balance  of  his  uniform 
allowance  that  may  be  credited  to  him.  Careful  atten- 
tion to  uniform  and  equipment  at  all  times,  and  its  pres- 
ervation in  the  best  manner  possible,  sometimes  enables 
a  soldier  to  have  quite  a  balance  to  his  credit  on  taking  his 
discharge.  If  a  soldier  is  careless  in  the  care  of  his  out- 
fit, and  expends  his  annual  allowance  before  the  termi- 
nation of  the  year,  he  is  required  to  replace  articles  of 
unifoiTn  and  equipment  from  his  pay. 

Uniforms  will  be  worn  by  officers  and  men  at  all  times 
when  on  duty  or  within  the  confines  of  a  military  sta- 
tion. In  times  of  peace  officers  are  permitted  to  wear 
civilian's  clothes  when  leaving  the  station  limits,  and 
enlisted  men,  by  special  permission,  when  leaving  on  an 
authorized  furlough.  In  time  of  war  uniforms  are  worn 
bv  all  at  all  times. 

National  Guard  uniforms  and  equipment  conform  to 
that  worn  by  the  regular  army,  except  where  the  letters 
'U.S.''  are  used  in  marking,  the  initial  letters  designat- 
ing the  State  to  which  the  troops  belong  are  substituted. 
Ill  time  of  peace  uniforms  are  worn  only  for  military 


PLxVTE   XIV.     INSIGNIA— UNITED    STATES    ARMY 


^ 


29 


38 


30 
39 


o 


^  Yl     (6^ 


31 


32  33  34  33  36 


37 


40  41 


42 


®©(D® 


43  44  45 


46 


52 


i 


ARMY— INSIGNIA 


53 


Cheations  and  Arm  Devices,  Army 


!)hevrQns.     Worn  by  non-commis- 

25. 

sioned  officers. 

Ann 

1. 

Rejpmeiilal  Serjeant  Major. 

2. 

Regimental      Supply      Ser- 

jreant. 

26. 

3. 

Band  Leader. 

4. 

Baltaliou  Sergeant  Major. 

27. 

5. 

Color  Sergeant. 

6. 

Assistant  Band  Leader. 

28. 

7. 

First  Sergeant. 

8. 

Drum  Major. 

29. 

9. 

Company  Supply  Sergeant. 

10. 

Company  Mess  Sergeant. 

30. 

11. 

Master   Electrician. 

31. 

12. 

Post   Ordnance   Sergeant. 

32. 

13. 

Sergeant  First  Class,  Signal 

33. 

Corps. 

34. 

14. 

Sergeant  First  Class,  Med- 

35. 

ical  Dept. 

36. 

15. 

Signal    Electrician,    Signal 

37. 

Corps. 

38. 

10. 

Sergeant,         Quartermaster 

39. 

Corps. 

40. 

17. 

Electrician  Sergeant. 

41. 

18. 

Electrician    Sergeant    First 

42. 

Class,  Coast  Artillery  Corps. 

43. 

19. 

Sergeant,  Ordnance  Depart- 

ment. 

44. 

20. 

Sergeant,  Signal  Corps. 

21. 

Sergeant,  Medical  Corps. 

45. 

22. 

Bugler  Sergeant. 

23. 

Stable  Sergeant. 

46. 

24. 

Sergeant. 

Corporal. 

Devices.  Worn  by  special 
men.  Sometimes  these  are 
combined  with  chevrons. 
Master  Electrician,  Coast 
Artillery  Corps. 
Engineer,  Coast  Artillery 
Corps. 

Master   Gunner,   Coast   Ar- 
tillery Corps. 

Chief  Mechanic,  Coast  Ar- 
tillery Corps. 
Fireman. 
Cook. 
Mechanic. 

Farrier  or  Horseshoer. 
Saddler. 

Casement    Electrician. 
Observer  First   Class. 
Observer  Second  Class. 
Chief  Planter. 
Chief  Loader. 
Gun  Commander. 
Gun  Pointer. 
Plotter. 

First  Class  Gunner,  Gun  or 
Mortar. 

Second   Class  Gunner,  Gun 
or  Mortar. 

First    Class    Gunner,    Mine 
Company. 

Second  Class  Gunner,  Mine 
Company. 


54  AKMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

duty.    If  ordered  into  the  Federal  Service  they  conform 
to  the  Army  Regulations. 

Uniforms,  insignia  of  rank,  devices,  etc.,  as  prescribed 
by  the  Uniform  RegTilation,  are  shown  by  the  accompany- 
ing plates.  There  is,  however,  certain  information  which 
cannot  be  shown  in  illustrations,  which  is  noted  below. 

Officers:  The  uniform  worn  by  a  General  will  be 
such  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  President  at  the  time 
of  the  appointment. 

Cocked  hats  and  epaulettes  are  worn  by  Generals  withi 
dismounted  full  dress  only.  Aig-ulettes  (of  gold-braidedl 
cords)  are  worn  on  the  right  shoulder  by  the  aides  toi' 
the  President  and  aides  to  Governors  of  States,  and  oni 
the  left  shoulder  by  the  General  Staff,  Adjutant  Gen- 
eral's Department,  Inspector  GeneraPs  Department,  Bu- 
reau of  Insular  Affairs,  Regimental  Adjutants,  Aides  to 
General  Officers,  and  Military  Attaches  when  on  duty 
with  an  Ambassador  or  Minister.  They  will  be  worn  at 
all  times  on  the  full  dress  and  special  evening  dress  coats 
and  the  dress  and  white  coats  when  under  arms. 

Officers,  when  detailed  to  a  Corps  or  Department,  or  as 
aides,  will  wear  the  uniform  of  the  branch  of  the  service, 
substituting  for  the  organization  device  the  device  of  the 
Corps,  Department,  or  designation  of  General's  aide  to 
which  they  may  be  allotted. 

When  authorized  by  an  immediate  Commanding  Offi- 
cer, white  mess  jackets,  with  white  trousers  and  shoes, 
and  blanket-  or  wool-lined  overcoats  may  be  worn  ac- 
cording: to  the  climatic  conditions  of  the  stations. 


ARMY— UNIFORMS  AND  EQUIPMENT         55 

In  field  service,  despatch  cases  are  carried  by  all  Staff 
OlTicers,  and  map  cases  may  be  carried  by  ollicers  when 
necessary. 

Chaplains:  In  conducting  religious  services,  Chap- 
lains may  wear  the  vestments  required  by  the  church  to 
which  they  belong. 

Reserve  Officers:  Officers  of  the  Reserve  Corps  are 
only  required  to  be  equipped  with  the  complete  field  uni- 
form and  ecjuipment,  substituting  on  the  collar  of  the 
coat  and  shirt  the  letters  ''U.S.R."  for  ''U.S.^^  They 
do  not  wear  uniforms  except  on  special  occasions,  unless 
ordered  into  active  service,  w^hen  they  conform  to  the 
Army  Regulations.  If  a  Resen^e  Officer  so  desires,  he 
may  equip  himself  with  a  complete  uniform  of  his  rank 
and  branch  of  the  service  for  use  on  such  occasions  as 
it  may  be  proper  to  appear  in  such  a  uniform. 

Enusted  Men:  Chevrons  and  devices  are  worn  on 
both  sleeves,  midway  between  the  elbow  and  top  of 
sleeve.  All  men  who  have  served  faithfully  for  a  full 
period  of  enlistment  will  wear  on  both  sleeves  of  the 
dress  coat,  just  above  the  culT,  a  ser\'ice  stripe  of  the 
branch  of  the  service  in  which  the  enlistment  was  per- 
formed. For  each  additional  enlistment  an  additional 
stripe  will  be  added.  If  w^ar  service  is  performed  < lur- 
ing the  time  of  enlistment,  the  stripe  will  be  of  whito, 
edged  with  the  color  of  the  branch  of  the  service. 

Blanket-lined  overcoats  and  white  duck  uniforms  arc 
issued  to  troops  serving  in  stations  where  the  climatic 
conditions  may  require  them. 


PLATE   XV.      SMALL-ARMS    AND    SHOOTING   DECORA- 
TIONS—U.   S.   ARMY,   NAVY,   AND   MARINE   CORPS 


3S^ 


* 


^ 


^1  PISTOL    EXPe"rt1^ 


^aHARP3HOOTrR3)  (^ 


PlSTdSHARPiMoorCR 


8 


Small-Akms  and  Decorations  for  Shooting,  United  States  Army, 

Navy,  and  Marine  Corps 

1.     Springfield  Rifle  and  Bay-  2.     Enfield  Rifle  and  Bayonet, 

onet.  3.    Automatic  Pistol. 


56 


ARMY— UXIFORMS  AND  EQUTPMKXT         57 

MiscEiJj^NEous  Information:  Tlio  medal  of  honor  is 
R'orn  pondant  below  the  necktie  by  oHieers  in  s[)eeial 
evening  dross.  Medals  are  worn  on  full  dress  coats  only. 
Ribbons  only  will  be  worn  on  all  other  uniforms.  No 
nodals  or  ribbons  are  permitted  on  the  overcoat. 

Oriranizations,  by  special  permission  of  the  Secretary 
)f  "War,  may  add  such  ornamentations  to  their  band 
uniforms,  as  may  be  approved,  provided  the  general 
character  of  the  uniform  is  not  changed. 

Service  uniforms  are  made  of  both  wool  and  cotton, 
►viiich  are  worn  according  to  climatic  conditions.  For 
lamp  and  field  work  officers  and  enlisted  men  may  lay 
iside  the  service  coat  and  perform  their  duties  wearing 
;he  authorized  olive  drab  shirt.  When  this  is  done,  de- 
rices,  insignia  of  rank,  and  chevrons  are  worn  on  the 
jhirt,  as  prescribed.  If  officers  and  men  appear  in  shirts 
)n  ceremonial  occasions,  or  oif  duty,  out  of  the  military 
imits,  a  black  cravat,  tied  in  a  sailor^s  knot,  is  worn. 

Certain  organizations  of  the  National  Guard  are  al- 
owed,  for  historical  and  sentimental  reasons,  to  have  a 
listinctive  full  dress  unifoiTn.  These  uniforms  must  be 
Drocured  entirely  at  the  expense  of  the  organization,  and 
ire  permitted  to  be  worn  only  on  ceremonial  occasions, 
md  are  not  allowed  for  any  State  or  Federal  duty. 

Decorations  Awarded   for  Shoot-  4.  Expert  Rifleman, 

inj?.  5.  Pistol  Expert. 

The  winning  of  one  of  these  g  Sharpshooter. 
decorations  carrtes  tcith  it  a 

monthly  extra  allowance  of  7.  Pistol   Sharpshooter. 

pay.  8.  Marksman. 


TRAINING   CAMPS 

The  Secretary  of  War  is  authorized  to  maintain  on 
military  reservations  in  different  parts  of  the  country, 
during  certain  periods  of  the  year,  military  training 
camps  for  the  instruction  and  training  of  such  citizens 
as  may  be  selected.  Applications  to  attend  such  camp 
is  made  at  such  a  place  and  at  such  a  time  as  may  be 
designated  in  orders  issued  by  the  Department  Com- 
manders in  whose  Department  the  camps  are  situated. 
Applicants  must  pass  a  certain  physical  and  mental  ex- 
amination and  to  enlist  for  the  entire  period  of  the 
camp.  Officers  and  non-commissioned  officers  from  the 
Army  and  Keserve  Corps  are  detailed  as  instructors.  On 
completing  a  prescribed  period  of  instructions  and  being 
discharged,  a  student,  on  the  recommendation  of  his 
Commanding  Officers  while  in  camp,  is  eligible  to  take 
the  examination  for  the  Eeserve  Officers'  Corps.  In  an- 
ticipation of  the  large  number  of  officers  needed  for  the 
new  conscripted  army,  the  War  Department,  on  May  1st, 
1917,  established  16  Training  Camps  throughout  the 
country,  with  students  numbering  from  1,500  to  5,000  at 
each  camp,  according  to  the  accommodations.  The  pre- 
scribed course  of  study  is  3  months.  At  the  completion 
of  the  first  course  the  camps  will  be  recruited  again  and 
a  second  set  of  students  enlisted  for  another  three 
months  and  this  continued  as  long  as  additional  officers 
are  required. 

58 


NATIONAL    GUARD 

The  National  Guard  consists  oi"  the  regularly  commis- 
sioned and  enlisted  militia  of  the  various  States,  organ- 
ized, armed,  and  equipped,  as  provided  for  the  corre- 
si)ondinu:  branches  of  the  service  in  the  Regular  Army. 
The  National  Guard  in  time  of  peace  is  maintained  by 
their  respective  States,  which  in  addition  to  the  State 
money  expended,  receives  annually  an  appropriation  and 
certain  eciuipment  from  the  Government,  according  to 
the  numbers  and  eflRciency  of  their  organizations. 

When  it  is  necessary  to  take  the  troops  of  a  State  into 
Federal  Service,  the  President  may  authorize  the  raising 
of  State  Reserve  Organizations  to  take  their  places  for 
home  defense,  and  also  to  enlist  and  instruct  recruits, 
who  may  be  forwarded  to  the  organizations  in  the  field. 
AVlien  tills  is  done  men  of  the  National  Guard  Resers'e 
are  ordered  back  into  service  in  the  Reserve  Organiza- 
tions, and  may  be  transferred,  if  necessary,  to  the  active 
organization  should  their  services  be  required  there. 
Wiien  in  the  State  Sen^ice  officers  are  commissioned  by 
their  respective  Governors,  and  are  transferred  to  the 
Resen'e,  retired,  or  resign,  accordingly.  When  in  the 
Federal  Service  they  have  the  same  standing  as  regular 
officers  and  are  under  the  Army  regulations. 

Kni.istei)  Men.  Enlisted  men,  either  in  the  State  or 
Federal  Service,  are  enlisted,  transferred  to  the  Reserve, 
retired  and  discharged  as  prescribed  for  an  enlisted  man 
of  the  Regular  Anny. 

09 


PLATE  XVI.     FIELD   EQUIPMENT— U.   S.   ARMY,   NAVY 
AND   MARINE    CORPS 


Field  Equipment  of  Enlisted  Men,  United  States  Army,  Navy, 

AND  Marine  Corps 


60 


ARMY—NATIONAL  GUARD 


61 


Enlistment  is  for  6  years,  3  years  with  the  colors,  3 
years  with  the  Reserve.  Applicants  must  be  between  the 
ages  of  18  and  45,  a  minor  having  to  have  the  consent  of 
a  parent  or  guardian.  On  enlisting  a  man  subscribes 
and  signs  an  oath  which  renders  him  liable  to  be  called 
into  the  service  of  the  United  States  should  it  be  so  or- 
dered by  the  President  in  case  of  war  or  grave  emer- 
gency. On  being  mustered  into  the  Federal  Service  he 
becomes  part  of  the  Regular  Army,  and  is  governed  by 
its  regulations,  rates  of  pay,  etc. 


Enlisted  Men  Dismounted. 

1.  Full  Equipment. 

A.  Meat  Can  Pouch. 

B.  Haversack. 

C.  Bayonet. 

D.  Entrenching  Tool. 

E.  Suspenders. 

F.  Cartridge  Pocket,  open. 

G.  Cartridge  Belt. 

H.  Roll.     Contains  blanket, 
shelter-tent    half,    extra 
clothing. 
I.    Canteen. 
K.  First-aid  Packet. 
Entrenching    Tools.      Carried    hy 
some  men  in  place  of  tool 
marked  D. 

2.  Pick-Mattock. 

3.  Ax. 

Tools.  Carried  on  belt  by  men 
who  carry  no  intrenching 
tools. 

4.  Bolo. 


5.  Wire-cutter. 

Enlisted  Men  Mounted.  They 
wear  a  cartridge  belt  with 
canteen  and  first-aid  packet 
attached. 

6.  Saddle  and  Equipment. 

A.  Slicker. 

B.  Roll.  Contains  blanket, 
shelter-tent,  half,  extra 
clothing. 

C.  Saddle-bag.  Contains 
meat  can  pouch  and  ex- 
tra articles. 

7.  Holster.  Carried  by  men 
equipped  with  automatic 
pistol. 

A.  Leg-strap.      To   prevent 
swinging. 
Contents  of  Meat  Can  Pouch. 

8.  Bacon  Box. 

9.  Condiment  Box. 

10.  Bottom  of  Meat  Can. 

11.  Top  of  Meat  Can. 


62  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

In  times  of  peace  the  National  Guard  is  required  to 
carry  out  certain  plans  of  drills,  maneuvers,  rifle  prac- 
tise and  camp  as  prescribed  by  the  Division  of  Militia 
of  Affairs  of  the  War  Department.  To  each  State,  ac- 
cording to  the  size  of  its  National  Guard,  is  detailed  a 
number  of  regular  officers  and  non-commissioned  officers, 
known  as  Inspector-Instructors.  Their  duties  are  ex- 
plained by  their  title  and  on  the  reports  of  these  Inspec- 
tor-Instructors is  based  the  annual  money  appropriation 
and  the  issue  of  arms  and  equipment  to  the  different 
States. 

Officers  of  the  National  Guard  on  being  recommended 
by  their  respective  Governors  may  be  detailed  to  take 
a  course  of  instruction  at  the  Army  Service  Schools  in 
the  branch  of  the  service  to  which  they  belong  and  when 
detailed  for  such  duty  receive  the  pay  of  their  grade. 

Steength.  The  strength  of  the  National  Guard  as 
reported  on  January  1st,  1917,  was  as  under  Column  A. 
On  May  5th,  1917,  all  States  were  ordered  to  recruit  their 
organizations  to  full  war  strength  which  will  make  the 
numbers  of  each  State  as  under  Column  B : 

Column  A  Column  B 

Officers  S  Men  Officers  &  Men 

Alabama 2,557  9,600 

Arizona 920  2,400 

Arkansas 915  7,200 

California    3,462  9,100 

Colorado 828  4,800 

Connecticut    /.     3,703  4,900 

Delaware    461  2,400 


ARMY— NATIONAL  GUARD  63 

Column  A  Column  B 
Officers  &  Men  Officers  &  Men 

District  of  Columbia 1,835  2,465 

Florida 1,266  4,100 

Georgia 3,084  11,200 

Hawaii    . ., 2,641 

Idaho 964  3,200 

Illinois 6,599  20,300 

Indiana -..  „ 2,561  12,000 

Iowa 3,400  10,400 

Kansas    . . ., , 2,052  8,000 

Kentucky 2,422  10,400 

Louisiana    , ,. . .  1,182  7,350 

Maine 1,539  4,200 

Maryland 2,192  5,700 

Massachusetts 7,018  12,600 

Michigan     3,650  11,000 

Minnesota 3,099  8,400 

Mississippi 1,156  8,000 

Missouri   3,953  14,100 

Montana 784  3,200 

Nebraska 1,617  6,400 

Nevada :    No  National 

Guard— Allotment  2,400 

to  be  raised. 

New  Hampshire   1,258  3,200 

New  Jersey   4,322  9,800 

New  Mexico 934  2,400 

New  York 16,323  31,500 

North  Carolina 3,054  9,150 


64  AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFOEMATION 

Column  A  Column  B 
Officers  &  Men  Officers  S  Men 

North  Dakota 790  4,000 

Ohio 6,408  16,800 

Oklahoma 1,036  8,000 

Oregon    1,691  3,500 

Pennsylvania 10,151  29,400 

Ehode  Island ,  1,617  3,500 

South  Carolina  1,526  6,700 

South  Dakota   i.  922  4,000 

Tennessee    1,747  9,600 

Texas , 2,905  15,500 

Utah 578  3,200 

Vermont 954  3,200 

Virginia 3,005  9,600 

Washington 1,448  4,900 

West  Virginia 1,611  6,400 

Wisconsin     3,439  10,400 

Wyoming .  614  2,400 


132,194  297,765 

Though  for  all  Federal  and  State  duty  the  National 
Guard  must  be  organized,  uniformed  and  equipped 
strictly  in  accordance  with  the  regulations,  certain  or- 
ganizations whose  distinctive  uniforms  have  a  historical 
significance  are  allowed  to  wear  them  for  ceremonial  pur- 
poses, provided  they  are  supplied  at  the  expense  of  the 
organization  and  no  money  provided  from  the  Army  or 
State  appropriation  is  used  in  their  purchase  or  main- 
tenance. 


EXPLANATORY  NOTES 

Airship 

A  dirigible  balloon,  an  aircraft  floating  in  air  owing 
to  its  being  filled  with  gas,  which  is  lighter  than  air. 
Propelled  by  motors  driven  by  air  propellers. 

Airplane 

An  air  craft  with  wings,  which  lift  it  by  forcing  air 
downward  and  supporting  itself  on  the  reaction 
thereof.    Propelled  by  motor  driven  air  propellers. 

Battalion  Parade 
See  Eegimental  Parade.     The  same  ceremony  per- 
formed by  a  Battalion. 

Barracks 
Permanent  buildings  occupied  by  troops. 

Billets 
When  troops  are  quartered  in  the  buildings  of  a  town 
they  are  said  to  be  in  billets. 

Bivouac 
An  encampment  without  tents  or  covering. 

Bombs  and  Handgrenades 

Small  explosive  missiles  that  are  thrown  by  specially 
constructed  guns  or  by  hand.  Mostly  used  in  trench 
warfare. 

65 


66  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

Bugle  Calls 

Reveille:    First  call  in  the  morning  at  which  the  men 

must  arise. 
Retreat:     Sounded  at  sunset  when  post  flag  or  regi- 
mental colors  or  standards  are  taken  in  for  the  night. 
Tattoo:     Sounded  at  such  hour  as  may  be  designated 
at  night,  as  a  notification  that  the  work  for  the  day 
is  done  and  a  warning  that  all  men  should  return 
to  their  quarters. 
Call  to  Quarters:     Sounded  generally  one  half  hour 

after  Tattoo,  when  all  men  must  be  in  quarters. 
Taps:    Sounded  generally  fifteen  minutes  later  when 
lights  are  extinguished  and  absolute  quiet  must  pre- 
vail. 

In  addition  to  the  above  calls  there  are  sounded  such 
calls  for  mess,  drills,  ceremonies,  and  other  duties 
as  may  be  necessary  for  the  day's  routine. 

Camps 
When  troops  are  quartered  in  tents. 

Cantonments 
Temporary  buildings  erected  for  troops. 

Colors  and  Standards 

The  National  and  State  or  Regimental  Flags  carried 
by  foot  troops  are  called  Colors.  By  mounted  organi- 
zations Standards.  When  in  regimental  formations 
and  a  salute  is  rendered  the  State  or  Regimental  flag  is 
dropped  to  the  front  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees.  When 
not  in  use  they  are  kept  in  the  Quarters  of  the  Com- 


ARMY— EXPLANATORY  NOTES  67 

manding  Officer.  When  in  camp  colors  and  standards 
are  placed  unfurled  in  front  of  the  Commanding  Offi- 
cers' tents  in  fine  weather,  and  are  saluted  by  all  indi- 
viduals or  troops  passing.  Individuals  also  salute  col- 
ors and  standards  when  they  are  carried  by  troops. 
Should  the  weather  be  inclement  they  may  be  cased  in 
waterproof  coverings  and  when  this  is  done  they  are 
not  saluted. 

Commissioned  Officer 
An  officer  who  receives  his  commission  from  the  Pres- 
ident, or  the  Governor  of  a  State. 

Devices 
Markings  that  designate  to  what  branch  of  the  service 
or  organization  an  officer  or  man  belongs. 

Escort  to  the  Colors 
A  ceremony  performed  by  a  selected  company  from  a 
regiment  or  battalion  when  the  colors  are  brought 
from  the  Commanding  Officer's  Quarters  to  the  organi- 
zation. 

Escort  of  Honor 
A  detail  of  any  body  of  troops  to  escort  individuals  of 
high  military,  naval  or  civil  rank. 

Field  Officers 

Colonel,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  Major. 

Field  Bakery 

An  organization  supplied  with  the  equipment  of  field 
ovens  and  skilled  labor  for  the  preparation  of  bread 
on  the  march.  The  output  of  an  organized  Field  Bak- 
ery Company  is  about  3,600  loaves  a  day,  per  oven. 


68  ARMY  AND  NAVl  INFORMATION 

When  on  the  march  a  bakery  can  deliver  bread  6  hours 
after  a  halt  is  made  and  the  equipment  put  in  place. 
FiEST  Aid  Packet 

A  part  of  the  Field  Equipment  of  every  officer  and  man 

— carried  on  the  belt  at  all  times : 

Contents 

2  gauze  bandages, 

2  gauze  compresses, 

2  safety  pins. 

Printed  directions  for  emergency  dressings. 

FUELOUGHS 

See  Leaves. 
FuNEKAL  Escort 

Troops  detailed  for  funeral  duty.  If  of  an  officer  or 
man  of  the  Army,  the  prescribed  escort  is  as  follows : 
Lieut  enant-General 

A  regiment  of  Infantry,  a  squadron  of  Cavalry,  a 

battery  of  Field  Artillery. 
Major-General 

A  regiment  of  Infantry,  a  troop  of  Cavalry,  a  bat- 
tery of  Field  Artillery. 
Brigadier -General 

A  regiment  of  Infantry,  a  troop  of  Cavalry  and  a 

platoon  of  Artillery. 
Colonel 

Regiment. 
Lieutenant-Colonel  or  Major 

Battalion  or  Squadron. 
Captain 

Company,  troop,  or  battery. 


] 


ARMY— EXPLANATOEY  NOTES  69 

Lieutenants 

Platoon. 
Sergeants 

14  to  16  men  according  to  his  rank,  commanded  by  a 

sergeant. 

Corporal 
12  men  commanded  by  a  corporal. 

Private 

8  men  commanded  by  a  Corporal. 

General  Officer 
A  term  used  in  speaking  of  any  officer  of  GeneraPs 
rank. 

Guard  Mounting 
A  ceremony  of  the  inspection  and  .review  of  a  new 
guard  before  it  relieves  the  old  guard  on  duty.  The  old 
guard  may  be,  however,  relieved  in  an  informal  man- 
ner should  the  Commanding  Officer  of  the  garrison  or 
camp  so  direct. 

Identification  Tag 

A  small  disc  of  metal  worn  by  every  officer  and  man 
at  all  times  and  on  which  is  stamped  his  name  and  or- 
ganization. 

Incinerator 

A  specially  constructed  oven  for  the  disposal  of  camp 
refuse.  One  is  generally  constructed,  of  such  material 
as  may  be  obtainable,  at  each  camp  kitchen. 

Inspection 

A  formation  under  arms  when  the  uniform  and  equip- 
ment of  each  individual  is  carefully  examined  by  the 


70  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

senior  present  or  by  a  specially  detailed  officer  or  non- 
conimissioned  officer. 

Inspection  of  Quakters 
Is  made  as  above  when  the  quarters  occupied  by  troops 
must  be  put  in  thorough  order  and  all  personal  cloth- 
ing and  equipment  displayed. 

Insignia  of  Rank 
Markings  that  designate  an  officer  or  non-commissioned 
officer. 

Leaves  and  Furloughs 

Leaves  of  absence  are  granted  to  officers,  Furloughs 
to  enlisted  men.  Unless  under  special  circumstances 
they  are  rarely  granted  for  over  30  days  at  one  period. 
Permission  to  be  absent  from  post  or  camp  for  a  short 
period  generally  not  to  exceed  24  hours  is  not  consid- 
ered as  a  leave  of  absence  or  furlough. 

Line  Officers 
Captain,  1st  Lieutenant,  2d  Lieutenant. 

Military  Post 
A  general  term  used  to  designate  a  place  where  troops 
are  quartered. 

Military  Police 

Their  duty  is  to  enforce  the  police  regulations  in  or 
near  a  military  post  or  with  troops  on  the  march ;  pro- 
tect the  inhabitants,  military  stores,  telegraph,  tele- 
phone, and  railway  lines  from  damage  and  to  arrest  all 
soldiers  absent  from  the  organizations  without  proper 
authority. 

Mines 

High  explosives  placed  in  harbors,  channels,  in  front 


AEMY— EXPLANATOEY  NOTES  71 

of  trenches  or  by  tunneling  under  an  enemy  ^s  position. 
Contact — those  that  are  placed  so  that  they  will  be  ex- 
ploded by  being  forcibly  struck. 
Control — those  that  are  placed  so  that  they  can  be  ex- 
ploded by  electricity. 

Mine  Layees 

Specially  constructed  vessels  of  the  Coast  Artillery 
Corps  for  the  placing  of  mines,  harbor  nets  and  similar 
defenses. 

Muster 

A  formation  of  an  organization  to  determine  the  gen- 
eral condition  of  its  officers  and  men  or  for  the  pur- 
pose of  paying  them.  For  such  a  formation  carefully 
prepared  muster  rolls  are  made  out  giving  the  neces- 
sary details  of  information  required  for  each  indi- 
vidual. 

National  Anthem 
Army  Regulations,  par.  264,  prescribes  the  ^^Star 
Spangled  Banner''  as  the  ^^ National  Anthem/'  and  it 
must  be  played  on  occasions  of  ceremony  only.  The 
playing  of  the  ''National  Anthem''  as  part  of  a  med- 
ley is  strictly  prohibited.  When  the  ''National 
Anthem"  is  played,  troops  under  arms  render  the  pre- 
scribed salute.  Officers  and  men  in  uniform,  but  out 
of  ranks,  come  to  attention,  bringing  the  right  hand 
to  the  position  of  salute  at  the  first  bar  of  the  music 
and  holding  it  there  until  the  music  ceases.  Civilians 
uncover,  holding  the  hat  with  the  right  hand  on  the  left 
shoulder.  If  indoors  and  uncovered  all  stand  at  atten- 
tion. 


72  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

NON-COMMISSIONED  OfFICEES 

An  enlisted  man  who  is  appointed  to  office  by  an  order 
which  may  be  revoked  at  any  time,  and  the  man  re- 
turned to  the  ranks. 

Officek  of  the  Day 
An  officer  detailed  daily  who  is  charged  with  the  execu- 
tion of  all  orders  of  the  Commanding  Officer  relating  to 
the  safety  and  good  order  of  a  post. 

Pay  Rolls 

Carefully  prepared  rolls  of  an  organization  giving  such 
information  as  is  necessary  to  properly  pay  off  the  offi- 
cers and  men ;  generally  made  up  monthly. 

Police 

The  term  *^ Police*'  in  military  parlance  used  (except 
when  preceded  by  the  word  ^^ Military'')  to  describe 
those  men  detailed  to  do  the  general  cleaning  up  of  a 
post.  Policing  is  generally  done  twice  a  day,  and  is 
divided  into  three  details.  Company  troop  or  battery 
police  who  have  charge  of  the  quarters  and  picket  lines 
of  their  respective  organizations.  Kitchen  Police  who 
have  charge  of  the  kitchen  and  mess.  General  Police 
composed  of  a  detail  from  each  organization  of  a  post, 
who  have  charge  of  all  ground  within  the  military 
limits  not  covered  by  the  first  two. 

Poncho 

A  square  waterproof  sheet  issued  to  foot  troops  so 
arranged  that  it  can  be  used  as  a  ground  sheet,  as  a 
cover  for  an  equipment  roll  or  worn  over  the  shoulders 
as  a  protection  against  rain. 


ARMY— EXPLANATORY  NOTES  73 

Pontoon  Beidge 

A  temporary  bridge  supported  across  a  river  or  stream 
on  boats.  These  boats  and  other  material  necessary 
are  carried  on  specially  constructed  wagons  in  what  is 
known  as  the  Pontoon  Train.  The  boats  are  either  of 
wood  or  canvas  on  collapsible  frames. 

Post  Exchange 

A  store  established  at  a  post  or  camp  for  the  sale  of 
refreshments  and  small  articles  needed  by  the  soldiers. 
It  is  under  control  of  an  officer  detailed  for  that  pur- 
pose and  all  profits  derived  from  sales  are  divided  be- 
tween different  messes  of  the  units  of  the  organization, 
for  the  purchase  of  extras  not  issued  with  the  Army 
ration. 

Pkovost  Marshal 
An  officer  detailed  to  preserve  order  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  a  military  post  or  with  troops  on  the  march. 
Should  it  be  necessary  for  him  to  have  further  assist- 
ance than  can  be  given  by  the  Military  Police,  he  may 
call  for  special  details  which  are  known  as  a  Provost 
Guard, 

Rations 

Garrison  and  Field  Rations 
Such  articles  as  prescribed  in  the  Manual  of  Sub- 
stance as  it  is  possible  to  secure  and  to  issue. 
Travel  Rations 
An  issue  used  by  troops  under  transportation: 
Canned  meat, 
Hard  bread. 
Soft  bread, 


74  AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

Beans, 

Canned  Tomatoes, 

Jam, 

Coffee, 

Sugar, 

Salt, 

Condensed  Milk. 
Reserve  Rations 

Sometimes   called   Haversack   Rations,     Issued   to 
troops  to  be  carried  on  the  march. 

Bacon  or  Canned  Meat, 

Hard  Bread, 

Coffee, 

Sugar, 

Salt. 
Emergency  Rations 

Specially  prepared  Eations  issued  for  emergencies. 
They  will  not  be  opened,  except  when  ordered  by  an 
officer,  or  in  an  extremity,  and  will  never  be  used 
when  any  other  rations  or  food  is  available. 
The  amount  of  rations  to  which  a  man  is  entitled  has 
been  raised  to  42  cents  a  day,  and  a  further  increase  is 
contemplated  on  account  of  the  high  cost  of  supplies. 
At  the  end  of  each  month  the  amount  of  rations  drawn 
by  an  organization  is  computed  and  the  amount  bal- 
anced with  the  ration  allowance  to  which  the  organiza- 
tion is  entitled  according  to  its  strength.     An  excess  of 
the  allowance  must  be  made  good  from  the  company 
fund.     If  the  allowance  is  underdrawn  organizations 
receive  the  amount  of  savings  in  cash.    These  rations^ 


ARMY— EXPLANATOKY  NOTES 


75 


savings  become  part  of  the  company  funds,  but  can  only 
be  expended  in  procuring  for  the  mess  additional  ra- 
tions and  luxuries  not  provided  for  in  the  prescribed 
issue  of  rations. 

Officers  are  not  issued  rations  but  are  required  to  pay 
for  their  food.  If  messing  with  the  men  of  their  or- 
ganization they  pay  to  the  mess  so  much  per  day  for 
the  rations  they  consume. 


Eelath^e  Rank 

General 

Lieutenant-General 
Major-General 
Brigadier-General 


Colonel 

Lieutenant  Colonel 

Major 

Captain 

1st  Lieutenant 

2d  Lieutenant 

Cadet 


Navy 

Admiral 

Vice-Admiral 

Rear  Admiral 

No  corresponding  rank 
since  Commodore  has 
been  abolished  on  active 
list 

Captain 

Commanders 

Lieutenant-Commander 

Lieutenant 

Lieutenant  (Junior  Grade) 

Ensign 

Midshipman 


In  firing  salutes  and  rendering  honors,  the  officers  of 
the  Navy  receive  the  same  as  those  of  relative  rank 
in  the  Army.  The  duties  of  non-commissioned  officers 
of  the  Army  and  the  Warrant  and  Petty  Officers  of 
the  Navy  differ  so  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  grade 


76 


AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 


them  exactly.     Relative  rank  is  generally  determined 
by  the  relative  amount  of  pay  received. 
Regimental.  Parade 
A  ceremony  performed  by  a  regiment  generally  at 
sunset. 
Review 

Formation  in  honor  of  some  individual  when  the  or- 
ganizations pass  before  him  with  full  ceremony. 
Salutes 

Salutes  vary  from  those  rendered  by  individuals  to 
the  honoring  of  the  saluted  party  by  the  firing  of  can- 
non. If  the  salute  is  given  by  an  individual  unarmed, 
it  is  made  with  the  right  hand.  If  by  an  individual 
armed,  or  by  a  body  of  troops  armed,  according  to  the 
prescribed  regulations  for  the  weapons  carried  in  ren- 
dering honors.  This  also  applies  for  organizations  in 
ceremonial  formations. 

If  the  salute  is  by  cannon  the  following  is  prescribed : 
National  and  President's  Salute  21  guns 

Vice  President 

Foreign  Ambassadors  [  19  guns 

Members  of  the  Cabinet 

Governors  of  States  and  Territories 

Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States 

Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  [  17  guns 

General 

Admiral 

Assistant  Secretaries  of  War  and  Navy 

Foreign  Envoy  and  Ministers  [  15  guns 

Lieutenant-General  or  Vice  Admiral 


ARMY— EXPLANATORY  NOTES  77 

Ministers  accredited  to  the  United  States 


13  guns 
11  guns 


Major-General  or  Rear-Admiral 
Charge  d 'Affaires 
Brigadier-General 
On  July  4th,  when  saluting  one  gun  is  fired  for  each 
State  in  the  Union. 
Salutes  by  Guard 

Special  honor  is  rendered  by  a  guard  relief  oif  duty  at 
the  guard  house  to  all  general  officers,  the  Commanding 
Officer  of  the  Post  or  Camp,  and  the  Officer  of  the  Day. 
On  the  approach  of  any  of  these  officers  the  sentinel 
on  duty  at  the  guard  house  calls  out  ''Turn  out  the 
Guard"  and  gives  the  rank  of  the  officer  to  be  saluted. 
The  guard  turns  out  and  renders  the  prescribed  salute. 
If  the  officer  to  be  honored  does  not  wish  to  have  the 
guard  turned  out  he  calls  "Never  mind  the  Guard," 
which  the  sentinel  repeats. 
Scout 
A  man  specially  selected  to  obtain  information  that  has 
the  following  qualifications:  excellent  physical  condi- 
tion, acute  eyesight,  a  good  memory,  intelligence  to  ob- 
serve quickly,  and  knowledge  of  maps  and  topography. 
Signals 
Semaphore  Signals 

The  transmission  of  messages  by  the  use  of  small 
red  and  white  flags,  one  held  in  each  hand.    Certain 
combinations  of  position  and  movements  denote  cer- 
tain letters  of  the  alphabet  and  numbers. 
Wig  Wag 
The  name  given  to  flag  signals  which  are  made  by 


78  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

the  movement  of  signal  flags  to  left,  right  or  front 
of  the  individual  waving  it.  The  telegraphic  code  is 
generally  used.  The  waving  of  the  flag  to  the  right 
of  the  holder  denoting  a  dot ;  to  the  left  a  dash,  and 
to  the  front  a  space.  At  night  lanterns  are  used  in 
the  same  manner 

Heliograph  Signals 

Are  made  by  the  use  of  mirrors  which  catch  the  sun's 
rays  and  make  a  brilliant  flash.  The  telegraphic  code 
is  used.  A  short  flash  denoting  a  dot  and  a  long 
flash  a  dash.  At  night  a  strong  light  is  used  which 
is  flashed  at  short  or  long  intervals  as  required  to 
denote  dots  and  dashes. 

Slicker 

A  long  oilskin  coat  issued  to  mounted  troops  which 
can  be  used  for  sleeping  on  damp  ground  as  an  equip- 
ment roll,  or  as  a  protection  against  rain. 

Staff  Officer 
An  officer  whose  duties  are  to  serve  as  an  assistant  to 
an  officer  above  the  rank  of  Captain.    Special  Staff  Of- 
ficers to  a  General  are  known  as  Aide  de  Camps. 

Summary  Court 

Composed  of  one  officer  designated  by  the  Commanding 
Officer  of  a  post  or  organization  before  whom  men  who 
have  had  charges  preferred  against  them  are  brought. 
The  court  has  the  power  to  inflict  penalties  for  minor 
offenses,  or  to  determine  if  a  culprit  should  be  sent  be- 
fore a  Court  Martial. 


AEMY— EXPLANATOEY  NOTES  79 

Standakds 

See  Colors 
Tents 

Hospital 

A  large  tent  held  in  place  by  two  end,  and  a  cross 
ridge  pole.  Used  as  its  name  signifies,  and  also  for 
quarters  for  Generals  and  sometimes  Field  Officers. 

Pyramidal 

A  square  tent  held  in  place  by  a  single  pole  in  the 
center.  Provides  quarters,  if  using  cots,  for  a  squad 
of  eight  (8)  men  but  can  accommodate  double  that 
number  if  necessary.  A  very  easy  tent  to  erect,  as  it 
requires  only  four  corner  pegs  to  keep  it  in  place. 

Conical 
A  round  tent  supported  by  a  single  pole  in  the  center. 
Will  accoromodate  16  men  sleeping  like  the  spokes 
of  a  wheel,  heads  to  edge  of  the  tent,  feet  to  the  pole. 
A  very  hard  tent  to  erect  properly  as  it  requires  a 
large  number  of  pegs  to  keep  it  in  place. 

Shelter,  generally  called  Dog  Tents 

Tents  carried  by  troops  on  the  march  for  temporary 
shelter.  Each  man  carries  a  half  tent,  two  of  which 
are  laced  together  to  accommodate  both  men.  The 
tents  are  held  in  place  at  the  end  by  jointed  poles 
carried  by  the  men,  or  rifles  may  be  .used. 

Wall 
A  tent  generally  supported  by  two  ends  and  a  ridge 
pole.    Generally  used  for  line  officers  and  the  higher 
non-commissioned  officers.    Two  people  are  generally 
assigned  to  a  tent. 


ABBREVIATIONS 

The  following  abbreviations  are  used  to  designate  De- 
partments, Corps,  branches  of  the  service,  etc.,  in  official 
papers  and  as  means  of  designating  them  in  conversa- 


tion: 

Adj. 

Adjutant 

Aero  Sq. 

Aero  Squadron 

A.  G. 

Adjutant  General 

Am. 

Ammunition 

Amb.  Co. 

Ambulance  Company 

Bn. 

Battalion 

Brig. 

Brigade 

Brig.  Gen. 

Brigadier-General 

Capt. 

Captain 

Cav. 

Cavalry 

C.  A.  0. 

Coast  Artillery  Corps 

C.  G. 

Commanding  General 

C.  E. 

Corps  of  Engineers 

Col. 

Colonel 

Co. 

Company 

C.  0. 

Commanding  Officer 

Corp. 

Corporal 

C.  of  S. 

Chief  of  Staff 

C.  S.  0. 

Chief  Signal  Officer 

80 

ARMY— ABBREVIATIONS  81 


D.  C. 
Div. 
D.  R. 

Dental  Corps 

Division 

Drill  Regulation 

F.  A. 

F.  Hosp. 
F.  0. 
F.  S.  R. 

Field  Artillery 

Field  Hospital 

Field  Order 

Field  Service  Regulations 

Gd. 
Gen. 
G.  0. 
G.  S. 

Guard 

General 
General  Orders 
General  Staff 

H.  A. 
Hv.  A. 

Horse  Artillery 
Heavy  Artillery 

Inf. 
I.  G. 
Insp. 
I.  C. 

Infantry 

Inspector-General 

Inspector 

Inspected,  Condemned 

J.  A. 

Judge  Advocate 

K.  P. 

Kitchen  Police 

Lt. 

Lt.  Col. 

Lt.  Gen. 

Lieutenant 

Lieutenant-Colonel 

Lieutenant-General 

82  AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFOEMATION 


M.  A. 

Mount  am  Artillery 

Maj. 

Major 

Maj.  Gen. 

Major-General 

M.  C. 

Medical  Corps 

M.  G.  C. 

Machine  Gun  Company 

M.  0.  S. 

Mounted  Orderly  Section 

M.  P. 

Military  Police 

M.  E.  G 

Medical  Reserve  Corps 

M.  S. 

Mess  Sergeant 

Mus. 

Musician 

N.  C.  0. 

Non-commissioned  Officer 

0.  D. 

Olive  drah,  used  in  designat- 

ing uniform  or  equipment. 

May  he  followed   hy  the 

words  ''Woolen''  or  ''Cot- 

ton'' according  to  the  ma- 

terial. 

Pon.  Bn. 

'Pontoon  Battalion 

P.  E. 

Porto  Rico  Regiment 

Priv. 

Private 

P.  S. 

Philippine  Scouts 

Q.  M. 

Quartermaster 

Q.  M.  C. 

Quartermaster  Corps 

Q.  M.  G. 

Quartermaster-General 

Eegt. 

Regiment 

E.G. 

Regimental  Orders 

E.  S. 

Recruiting  Service 

ARMY'-ABBREVIATIONS  83 


S.  A.  Am. 

Small  Arms  Ammunition 

S.  C. 

Signal  Corps 

Sgt. 

Sergeant 

Segt.  Maj. 

Sergeant-Major 

S.  G. 

Sergeant-General 

s.  s. 

Supply  Sergeant 

Sig.  0. 

Signal  Officer 

S.  0. 

Special  Order 

Sq. 

Squadron 

Surg. 

Surgeon 

Tel.  Bn. 

Telegraph  Battalion 

U.  R. 

Uniform  Regulations 

U.  S.  R. 

Reserve  Officers'  Corps 

ARMY  SLANG 

Bobtail  Dischaege.     A  dishonorable  discharge. 

Bucking  for  Ordekly.  Preparing  uniforms  and  equip- 
ment to  make  a  good  appearance  when  an  orderly  is 
selected. 

BuNKiE.  A  soldier  who  shares  a  shelter  tent  with  a  com- 
rade. 

Coffee  Cooler.     One  looking  for  an  easy  job. 

Dog  Tent.     Small  shelter  tent  used  in  the  field. 

Dough  Boy.     Infantry  soldier. 

Dolled  Up.     Soldier  dressed  in  his  best  clothes. 

Fogy.    Increase  of  pay  for  long  service. 

Gunner.     An  artillery  soldier. 

Hard  Tack.    Hard  bread  or  crackers. 

Hike.     A  march. 

K.  P.    Kitchen  Police.    A  mild  form  of  punishment. 

K.  0.     Commanding  Officer. 

Mule  Skinner.     Teamster. 

NoN  Com.     Non-commissioned  Officer. 

On  the  Carpet.  Being  brought  up  before  an  officer  to 
be  disciplined. 

Punk.     Soft  bread. 

EooKY.    A  recruit. 

Sow  Belly.     Bacon. 

Striker.     Soldier  who  does  special  work  for  an  officer. 

Top  Sergeant.     1st  Sergeant. 

Windjammers.     Bandsmen. 

Yellow  Leg.     Cavalry  Soldier. 

84 


KAVY 


ORGANIZATION 

The  Navy  of  the  United  States  is  commanded  by  the 
President,  as  Commander-in-Chief,  by  right  of  office,  and 
he  may  nominate,  approved  by  Congress,  such  officers 
with  the  rank  of  Admiral  and  Vice- Admiral  as  he  may 
consider  necessary  to  properly  officer  the  higher  com- 
mands. The  administration  is  in  charge  of  the  Secretary 
of  the  Navy,  who  is  a  member  of  the  President's  Official 
Cabinet.  For  administrative  purposes  the  following  di- 
visions are  made : 

Bureau  of  Naval  Operations 

Prepares  all  plans  for  National  defense  for  the  mobi- 
lization of  the  forces  and  has  general  supervision  of 
questions  affecting  the  efficiency  of  the  Navy.  In 
charge  of  the  Chief  of  Naval  Operations. 

Bureau  of  Navigation 
Keeps  all  records,  has  charge  of  all  correspondence, 
the  issuing  of  orders,  notices,  bulletins  and  official  lit- 
erature.   In  charge  of  a  Chief  of  Bureau. 

Office  of  the  Judge  Advocate 
Is  custodian  of  all  legal  records  and  conducts  all  courts- 
martial,  courts  of  inquiry,  and  naval  commissions.    In 
charge  of  a  Judge  Advocate  General. 

Bureau  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 
In  charge  of  sick  and  wounded,  and  the  physical  and 

87 


88  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

sanitary  condition  of  the  Navy.  In  charge  of  a  Surgeon 
General. 

BUEEAU  OF  YaeDS  AND  DoCKS 

In  charge  of  all  Navy  Yards  and  stations.  In  charge 
of  a  Chief  of  Bureau. 

Bureau  of  Ordnance 

Supplies  all  armament,  arms,  equipment  and  other 
fighting  material  and  maintains  arsenals  and  depots 
for  the  manufacture  and  distribution  and  safe  keeping 
of  Naval  stores.    In  charge  of  Chief  of  Ordnance. 

Bureau  of  Construction  and  Repairs 
In  charge  of  the  building  of  all  naval  vessels  and  their 
repairs.    Naval  Constructor,  Chief  of  Bureau. 

Bureau  of  Supply  and  Accounts 

In  charge  of  all  matters  of  supply  (other  than  ord- 
nance), transportation,  distribution  of  funds,  payment 
of  officers  and  men.  Paymaster  General,  Chief  of 
Bureau. 

Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering 

In  charge  of  all  the  mechanical  part  of  naval  vessels, 
construction  and  repairs,  of  engines,  etc.  Engineer  in 
Chief,  Chief  of  Bureau. 

Hydrographic  Office 

In  charge  of  all  charts  and  information  relative  to  nav- 
igation.   In  charge  of  a  Chief  of  Office. 

Bureau  of  Naval  Militia  Affairs 

In  charge  of  all  matters  in  connection  with  the  Naval 
Militia.    In  charge  of  a  Chief  of  Bureau. 


FIGHTING  FORCE 

The  organization  of  a  ship^s  crew  depends  so  much  on 
the  size  of  vessels  that  it  is  impossible  to  give  them  in 
detail  in  this  limited  space.  The  following  detail  giving 
the  general  organization  of  a  battleship  will  show  the 
duties  of  the  different  officers  and  men  which  in  a  general 
way  applies  down  through  the  crews  of  smaller  vessels. 
When  assigned  for  shore  service  an  organization  is  made 
as  prescribed  for  Infantry  of  the  Army  according  to  the 
size  of  the  force,  Petty  Officers  acting  in  the  various 
grades  of  non-commissioned  officers. 

If  small  caliber  guns  are  landed  the  organization  of 
the  artillery  is  according  to  special  regulations  pre- 
scribed by  the  Navy  Department. 

When  on  shore  duty,  officers  and  men  are  armed  and 
equipped  as  prescribed  for  infantry. 

ORGANIZATION   OF   A  SHIP 

Captain 

Commanding  Officer.  The  Commanding  Officer  of  a 
vessel  is  always  called  Captain,  no  matter  what  his 
rank  may  be. 

Executive  Officer 
In  full  charge  of  the  ship  carrying  out  the  Captain  *s 
instructions. 

89 


90  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

FiKST  Lieutenant 

In  charge  of  the  vessel,  its  cleanliness  and  good  order. 
Under  his  direct  command  are  the 

Master  at  Arms, 

Boatswains, 

Carpenters, 

Sailmakers, 

Shipwrights, 

Ship  Fitters, 

Blacksmiths, 

Plumbers, 

Painters, 

Printers,  and  such 

Yeomen, 

CoxsAvains  and 

Seamen  as  may  be  necessary. 
Navigatoe 
In  charge  of  the  navigation.    Under  his  direct  com- 
mand are  the 

Quartermaster, 

Signalmen,  and  such 

Seamen  as  may  be  necessary. 
Oednance  Officee 

In  charge  of  all  the  fighting  force  and  armament.  Un- 
der his  direct  command  are  Junior  Officers  in  charge 
of  the  Divisions 

Gunners, 

Electricians, 

Turret  Captains,  and  such 

Yeomen, 


NAVY— OEGANIZATION  OF  A  SHIP         91 

Coxswains  and 

Seamen  as  may  be  necessary. 

Engineer  Officer 

In  charg-e  of  engines  and  mechanical  power.    Under 
his  direct  command  are  the 

Assistant  Engineer  Officers, 

Machinists, 

Water  Tenders, 

Coppersmiths, 

Firemen, 

Oilers, 

Coal  Passers, 

Blacksmith  and  such 

Yeomen  and 

Seamen  as  may  be  necessary. 

Pay  Officer 
In  charge  of  distributing  of  all  supplies,  handling  of 
all  money  and  pay  of  officers  and  men.    Under  his  di- 
rect command  are 

Pay  Clerks, 

Commissary  Stewards, 

Cooks, 

Bakers, 

Messmen,  and  such 

Yeomen  and 

Seamen  as  may  be  necessary. 

Medical  Officer 
In  charge  of  the  health  of  the  men  and  the  sanitary 
condition  of  the  ship.    Under  his  command  are 


92  AKMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

Junior  Medical  Officers, 
Hospital  Stewards, 
Hospital  Apprentices. 

Marine  Officer 

In  charge  of  the  Marine  Guard,  and  certain  guns  of 
small  caliber.    Under  his  command  are 

Junior  Marine  Officers, 

Men  of  the  Marine  Guard. 


PLATE    XVII.      UNIFORMS— UNITED    STATES    NAVY 


OmcEBS,  United  States  Navy 

1.  Dress.  3.     Special  Full  Dress. 

2.  Evening  Dress. 


93 


STRENGTH 

The  strength  of  the  Navy  on  January  1,  1917,  was 
given  as  58,309  officers  and  men. 

On  May  8,  1917,  the  President  was  authorized  to  in- 
crease this  to  full  war  strength  of  150,000  officers  and 
men. 

The  complement  of  ships  and  division  into  classes 
as  noted  also  dates  from  January  1,  1917,  but  this  num- 
ber has  been  largely  augmented  by  T  e  acquiring  of  ad- 
ditional vessels  from  the  mercantile  marine. 

Full  Commission,  January  1,  1917 

Battleships 14 

Armored  Cruisers  . 3 

Cruisers 11 

Destroyers    ....... 38 

Destroyers     (operating    with    re- 
duced complement)    18 

Monitors 4 

Submarines 38 

Gunboats 18 

Transports  . .,. .  .>. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .  3 

Supply  Ships 4 

Converted  Yachts 5 

Tugs , 47 

Tenders,  Torpedo  Vessels. ...... .i.  5 

Special  Service  Vessels 13 

94 


NAVY— STEENGTH  95 

In  Commission  in  Reserve 

Battleships  . .|. .  .1 1    20 

Armored  Cruisers  .  .1. .  .1.  .1 6 

Cruisers    ...  .1.  .1. .  .0 .  .,0  ..>......,. .     12 

Destroyers   .......... .^  .  .1. .  .1. . ..     13 

Monitors i.  .1.  .1. . .       4 

Torpedo  Boats 13 

Submarines 3 

Special  Service  Vessels. ..........       6 

These  vessels  are  manned  by  a  skeleton  crew 

but  are  available  for  immediate  service  on  the 

ordering  into   Federal   Service   of   the   Naval 

Militia  or  Eeserve. 

Out  of  Commission 

Battleships  . . . . 1. .  .1. . ., 3 

Armored  Cruisers   ...... 1. .  .<.  1 

Cruisers 3 

Destroyers   ......... .1. ..  .1. .  .1. .. .  1 

Torpedo  Boats   . ., .1. .  4 

Submarines    ....  .1.  .i. .......... ..  1 

Gunboats    . ... ,  .1. .  .•. . — < 7 

Transports  ..,..., .1. .  .1. .  1 

Fuel  Ships : 1 

Tenders,  Torpedo  Vessels 2 

Converted  Yachts  . 9 

Special  Service  Vessels 9 

These  vessels  are  at  the  various  Navy  Yards 

and  stations  and  can  be  placed  in  commission  in 

a  very  short  time  if  required. 


96  ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

Under  Construction  and  Authorized 

Battleships .,. . .,. .  .1.  13 

Battle  Cruisers  . . . . .,. . . . .,. . .,. . .,.  6 

Scout  Cruisers   ..,..., 10 

Destroyers   ,...1.. ,......,.  36 

Submarines    . ., . .,...,.....,.  100 

Gunboats ,...,...,.  2 

Fuel  Ships 2 

Supply  Ships  . . . ...... . . ..........  1 

Hospital  Ships ,. . .,  1 

Ammunition  Ships  ..)..., 2 

Tenders,  Torpedo  Vessels... 3 

Repair  Ships  ... . 1 

Reserve  Fleet  and  Coast  Defense  Reserve  :  In  time 
of  war  or  emergency  the  President  may  authorize  the  ac- 
quiring for  the  Navy  by  purchase  or  other  means  such 
vessels  of  the  Merchant  Marine  as  may  be  necessary  to 
Naval  purposes.  In  the  above  case  the  vessels  are  put 
in  charge  of  officers  of  the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps,  and 
the  Navy  Department  is  authorized  to  enlist  such  men  as 
are  required  to  man  them  in  a  corps  known  as  the  Coast 
Defense  Reserve. 


PLATE    XVIII.      UNIFORMS— UNITED    STATES    NAVY 


Officers,  Uxited  States  Navy 


Service. 

White  Service  Uniform 


Equipped  for  Shore  Duty. 
3.     Overcoat. 


«7 


SERVICE 

Officees:  Officers  must  be  graduates  of  the  Nava". 
Academy  at  Annapolis,  or  be  appointed  by  the  President; 
Midshipmen  may  enter  between  the  ages  of  16  and  2C 
years,  and  on  graduation  are  commissioned  in  the  lowei 
grades  of  the  Navy  according  to  merit.  Each  Senator 
Eepresentative  and  Delegate  in  Congress  is  entitled  tc 
have  3  Midshipmen  at  the  Academy  at  one  time.  The 
District  of  Columbia  has  two  Midshipmen,  and  there  arc 
15  appointments-at-large  specially  conferred  by  the  Pres- 
ident and  25  each  year  from  the  enlisted  men  of  the  Navy; 
These  are  recommended  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
after  a  competitive  examination.  All  candidates  for  ap- 
pointments as  Midshipmen  must  pass  a  physical  and  men- 
tal examination,  and  for  each  vacancy  three  candidates 
are  appointed,  one  as  Principal  and  two  Alternates.  All 
take  the  examination  at  the  same  time,  and  if  the  Princi- 
pal fails  to  pass  the  appointment  goes  to  the  Alternate 
making  the  highest  average  of  proficiency. 

On  account  of  the  technical  knowledge  required  officers 
are  rarely  appointed  directly  into  the  regular  service  by 
the  President,  except  under  exceptional  conditions.  In 
time  of  war,  or  an  enlargement  of  the  Navy,  or  for  other 
reason,  temporary  officers  may  be  detailed  from  the  Offi- 

98 


NAVY— SERVICE  99 

3ers'  Reserve  Corps.  Officers  are  appointed  to  this  who 
lave  served  in  the  Regular  Navy,  Naval  Militia,  who  are 
graduates  of  naval  training  schools,  or  who  hold  certifi- 
3ates  that  show  they  are  qualified  to  hold  some  marine 
appointment.  An  applicant  is  required  to  pass  a  physi- 
cal and  mental  examination  before  receiving  an  appoint- 
ment and  on  being  commissioned  is  liable  to  be  ordered 
ion  active  duty  at  any  time  his  services  are  required. 
I  Officers  of  the  Naval  Militia,  if  in  the  State  Service, 
are  Commissioned  by  the  Governors  of  their  respective 
States  after  passing  a  prescribed  examination.  If  in  the 
Federal  Service  enlisted  men  are  recommended  for  com- 
missions and  are  appointed  by  the  President  as  pre- 
scribed for  Reserve  Officers.  Officers  reaching  the  age  of 
62  years  are  placed  on  the  retired  list  at  three-quarters 
of  the  pay  of  the  grade  in  which  they  were  retired.  They 
may  be  ordered  back  to  duty,  if  they  offer  their  services 
in  times  of  emergency,  but  can  only  serve  in  an  adminis- 
trative position. 

An  officer,  after  completing  30  years  of  active  service, 
may  be  placed  on  the  retired  list  at  his  own  request,  but 
is  liable  to  be  returned  to  duty  in  emergencies  and  be 
required  to  serve  until  he  reaches  the  age  limit. 

An  officer,  who  from  wounds  or  other  causes  becomes 
physically  disabled  and  unable  to  perform  his  full  duty, 
may  be  placed  on  the  retired  list  by  the  recommenda- 
tion of  a  Medical  Board.  On  making  a  complete  recovery, 
he  may  be  returned  to  the  active  list  by  the  same  pro- 
cedure. An  officer  wishing  to  leave  the  Navy  may  re- 
sign and  on  his  resignation  being  accepted  by  the  Presi- 


100         ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

dent  he  completely  severs  his  connection  with  the  serv- 
ice. Retirements  and  resignations  of  the  Officers^  Re- 
serve Corps,  and  the  Naval  Militia  when  in  the  Federal 
Service,  follow  the  same  course.  Officers  in  the  Naval 
Militia,  not  in  the  Federal  Service,  are  retired  and  re- 
sign to  the  Governor  of  their  respective  States. 

Enlisted  Men:  Enlisted  men  entering  the  Navy  as 
volunteers  enlist  for  four  years,  between  the  ages  of 
17  and  30  years.  Boys  under  17  may  be  enlisted  for 
special  reasons,  but  this  cannot  be  done  without  special 
permission  of  the  Navy  Department.  Minors  under  18 
must  have  the  consent  of  their  parents  or  guardians, 
and  minors  over  18  must  furnish  a  birth  certificate  or  a 
verified  written  statement  from  their  parents  or  guar- 
dians as  to  their  age.  By  special  order  of  the  Presi- 
dent, should  a  state  of  war  exist,  enlistment  may  be 
made  for  the  duration  of  the  war.  Enlistments  in  the 
Naval  Militia  are  covered  by  the  same  regulations,  ex- 
cept the  period  is  for  three  years.  Enlisted  men  are 
placed  on  the  retired  list  under  the  same  conditions  as 
officers. 


PLATE   XIX.     UNIFORMS— UNITED    STATES    NAVY 


Enlisted  Men,  United  States  Navt 

1.  Petty  OflBcer,  Dress.  for  Shore  Duty. 

2.  Service     Uniform     Equipped      3.     Dress. 


IQl 


INSTRUCTION 

The  United  States  Naval  Academy  is  situated  at  An- 
napolis, Maryland,  and  is  a  school  for  the  practical  and! 
theoretical  training  for  Midshipmen  for  Naval  Service. 

Naval  War  College:     Newport,  Ehode  Island. 


CREWS 

The  number  of  officers  and  men  composing  the  crewsj 
assigned  to  the  various  vessels  varies  so  according  to) 
the  size,  armament  and  duty  the  vessels  are  called  uponi 
to  perform  that  it  is  impossible  to  give  the  exact  com- 
plement of  the  different  types  except  in  a  most  general  I 
way. 

The  following  figures  give  the  numbers  of  an  average 
crew  of  each  type  and  are  correct  enough  for  the  reader 
to  get  a  general  idea  of  their  complement.  On  a  differ- 
ent duty  the  assigned  crews  of  the  same  vessel  may  vary 
in  a  small  number,  both  in  officers  and  men.  The  crews 
of  the  vessels  not  enumerated  in  the  list  can  only  be 
estimated  according  to  the  size  and  the  duties  to  which 
they  are  assigned: 

102 


NAVY— CREWS  103 


Battleships 

Superdreadnaught  Type 
110  Officers, 
940  Men, 
75  Marines. 
Dreadnaught  Type 

95  Officers, 
790  Men, 
64  Marines. 
Ordinary  Type 

75  Officers, 
730  Men, 
50  Marines. 

AjlMOEED  CbUISEES  AND  CrUISEKS 

80  Officers, 


Destroyers 


810  Men, 

Marines  according  to  duty 
assigned. 

14  Officers, 
90  Men. 


ARMAMENT 

The  armament  of  naval  vessels  differs  so  according  to 
the  construction  of  the  ship  that  it  would  be  impossible  to 
give  it  in  detail  without  enumerating  the  equipment  of 
each  ship  separately.  These  statistics,  therefore,  only/ 
cover  the  subject  in  its  broadest  sense,  but  are  suflScient 
to  give  a  general  idea  of  the  armament  of  the  different 
class  of  vessels: 

Battleships 

Main  Batteries: 

Four  to  twelve  6-  to  14-inch  Heavy  Guns. 
Five  to  twenty-two  large  type  Eapid  Fire  Guns. 

Secondary  Batteries: 

Four  to  twenty-two  Eapid  Fire  Guns. 
Two  to  four  Anti-aircraft  Guns. 
Two  to  four  Torpedo  Tubes. 

Armored  Cruisers 
Main  Batteries: 

Four  8-  to  10-inch  Heavy  Guns. 

104 


NAVY— AKMAMENT  105 

Secondary  Batteries: 

Eighteen  to  twenty-six  Eapid-Fire  Guns. 

Two  to  four  Torpedo  Tubes. 

Some  equipped  with  Anti-circraft  Guns. 

Cruisers 

Main  Batteries: 

'  Two  to  fourteen  5-  to  8-inch  Heavy  Guns. 

Secondary  Batteries: 

Four  to  twenty-two  Eapid-Fire  Guns. 

Destroyers 
Batteries: 

Two  to  seven  Eapid-Fire  Guns. 
Two  to  four  Torpedo  Tubes. 

Monitors 

Main  Batteries: 

Two  to  four  10-  to  12-inch  Heavy  Guns. 

Secondary  Batteries: 

Five  to  seven  Eapid-Fire  Guns. 

Gunboats 

Main  Batteries: 

Four  to  six  large  type  Eapid-Fire  Guns. 
Secondary  Batteries: 

Four  to  fifteen  Eapid-Fire  Guns. 

Torpedo  Boats 

Batteries: 

Three  to  four  Eapid-Fire  Guns. 
Two  to  three  Torpedo  Tubes. 


106         AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFOKMATION 

Submarines 

The  armament  differs  almost  with  each  one  con- 
structed. In  addition  to  the  torpedo  tubes,  a  few 
small  guns  are  carried  for  use  when  operating 
above  the  surface  of  the  water. 

Special  Service  Vessels 

These  are  armed  with  small  guns  for  protection  only, 
but  are  not  considered  as  fighting  ships. 

Special  Armament 

In  addition  to  the  regular  armament,  many  ves 
sels  carry  small  field  pieces  and  machine  guns  for 
the  equipment  of  boats  and  use  of  landing  parties. 

Small  Arms 

The  small  arms,  both  rifles  and  pistols,  are  the  same 
as  used  by  the  Army  and  Marine  Corps. 


PAY 

Officers  and  men  are  paid  monthly. 

Base  Pay 

Admiral    ,.  .> $1,125.00 

Vice-Admiral    750.00 

Eear-Admiral    ,. . . .  666.66 

Captain 333.33 

Commander ,.  .^  283.33 

Lieutenant-Commander   ... 250.00 

Lieutenant , 200.00 

Ensign 141.66 

Midshipman ,  50.00 

Boatswains,  Gunners,  Sailmakers, 
Pharmacists,  Machinists,   Pay 

Clerks    -.  .$125.00  to  $187.50 

Mates    93.00  to  125.00 

Chief  Machinist  Mate,  Chief  Commis- 
sary Sergeant $70.00 

Chief  Master-at-Arms,  Boilermaker...  65.00 
Chief  Electrician,  Chief  Yoeman,  Hos- 
pital Stewards   , 60.00 

Ship    Cooks,    first    class.    Machinists, 

Mates,  first  class.  Coppersmiths. . . .  55.00 

Band  Master 52.00 

107 


108         AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

Chief  Boatswain's  Mate,  Chief  Turret 
Captain,  Chief  Gunner's  Mate,  Chief 
Carpenter's  Mate,  Chief  Water  Ten- 
der, Turret  Captains,  first-class  Elec- 
tricians, 1st  class  Blacksmiths 50.00 

Plumbers  and  Fitters,  Bakers,  1st  class  45.00 
Master-at-Arms,  1st  class.  Boatswain's 
Mates,  1st  class,  Gunner's  Mates,  1st 
class.  Quartermasters,  1st  class.  Sail- 
maker's  Mates,  Carpenter's  Mate,  1st 
class,  Painters,  1st  class.  Yeoman,  1st 
class.  Machinist's  Mates,  2d  class. 
Electricians,    2d    class,    Shipfitters, 

Ship  Cooks,  2d  class 40.00 

Oilers 37.00 

First  Musicians i       36.00 

Master-at-Arms,  2d  class.  Boatswain's 
Mates,  2d  class.  Gunner's  Mates,  2d 
class,  Quartermasters,  2d  class,  Fire- 
men, 1st  class.  Bakers,  2d  class.  Car- 
penter's Mates,  2d  class.  Painters,  2d 
class,  Yeoman,  2d  class.  Bakers,  2d 

class 35.00 

Musicians,  1st  class  .... 32.00 

Master-at-Arms,  3d  class.  Coxswains, 
Gunner's  Mates,  3d  class.  Quarter- 
masters, 3d  class.  Electricians,  3d 
class.  Carpenters,  3d  class.  Painters, 
3d  class.  Yeoman,  3d  class.  Hospital 
apprentices,  1st  class,  Firemen,  2d 


NAVY— PAY  109 

class,  Musicians,  2d  class,  Buglers, 

Ship  Cooks,  3d  class. 30.00 

Seaman  Gunners   26.00 

Ship  Cooks,  4th  class 25.00 

Seaman    24.00 

Coal  Passers 22.00 

Hospital  Apprentices 20.00 

Ordinary  Seamen 19.00 

Apprentice  Seamen,  Landsmen  ........  16.00 

Messmen's  Branch 

Cabin  and  Ward  Room  Stewards 50.00 

Cabin  and  Ward  Room  Cooks 45.00 

Steerage  Stewards  .......... 35.00 

Warrant  Officers'  Stewards,  Steerage 
Cooks,  Warrant  Officers'  Cooks,  Mess 

Attendants,  1st  class 30.00 

Mess  Attendant,  2d  class. .,..., 25.00 

Mess  Attendant,  3d  class 20.00 

If  Not  Citizens  of  the  United  States 

Mess  Attendant,  1st  class. ... . ; . .  24.00 

Mess  Attendant,  2d  class 20.00 

Mess  Attendants,  3d  class 16.00 

Officers  :  There  shall  be  allowed  and  paid  each  com- 
missioned officer  below  the  rank  of  Rear- Admiral,  10  fo 
increase  of  his  yearly  pay  for  each  term  of  5  years'  serv- 
ice, known  as  longevity  pay.  The  total  amount  of  such 
pay  shall  in  no  case  exceed  40%  of  the  base  pay. 

All  officers  on  sea  duty  and  on  duty  beyond  the  conti- 
nental limits  of  the  United  States  shall  receive  10%  in- 
crease of  pay  while  so  serving. 

i 


PLATE   XX.     INSIGNIA— UNITED    STATES    NAVY 


110 


NAVY— INSIGNIA 


111 


Insignia  of  Rank  and  Devices,  Navy 


Epaulettes.  Worn  hy  all  commis- 
sioned officers. 

1.  Admiral  of  the  Navy. 

2.  Admiral. 

3.  Vice- Admiral. 

4.  Rear  Admiral. 

5.  Captain. 

Insignia  of  Rank.  Worn  on  pad 
of  epaulette  and  collar  of 
service  coat.  See  PLATE 
IV. 

6.  Commander. 

7.  Lieutenant- Commander. 
Gold  leaf. 

8.  Lieutenant. 

9.  Lieutenant  Junior  Grade. 
Ensign.    Plain  pad  and  col- 
lar. 

Department  Devices.  Worn  on 
arm  of  epaulette  and  collar 
of  service  coat  instead  of 
anchor.    See  PLATE  IV, 

10.  Medical  Officer. 

11.  Pay  Officer. 

12.  Professor    of   Mathematics. 


13.  Naval   Constructor. 

14.  Civil  Engineer. 

15.  Dental  Officer. 

Devices.  Worn  on  collar  of  serv- 
ice coat. 

16.  Chaplain. 

17.  Chief  Boatswain. 

18.  Chief  Gunner. 

19.  Chief  Machinist. 

20.  Chief  Carpenter. 

21.  Chief  Sailmaker,  and  Sail- 
makers. 

22.  Chief      Pharmacist,      and 
Pharmacists. 

23.  Paymaster's  Clerk. 

24.  Mate. 

Chevrons  for  Petty  Officers.  De- 
vice under  the  eagle  denotes 
branch  to  which  officer  he- 
longs. 

25.  Chief  Petty  Officer: 

26.  Petty  Officer  Second  Class. 

27.  Petty  Officer  Third  Class. 

28.  Petty  Officer  First  Class. 


PLATE  XXI.     INSIGNIA— UNITED    STATES   NAVY   AND 

MARINE    CORPS 


15 


9 


16 


10 


17 


4- 

u 


18 


12 
19 


20 


14 


21 


42  43  44  45 


46  47  48  49 


Devices,  Navy  and  Insignia  of  Rank  and  Devices,  Marine  Corps 

Specialty    Marks.      Worn    hy    a  1.     Master  at  Arms. 

Petty  Officer  under  the  eagle  2.     Boatswain's      Mate,      Cox- 
on   the  chevron,  by  others  swain. 

en  the  sleeve.  3.     Quartermaster. 

112 


NAVY— INSIGNIA 


113 


4.  Blacksmith,    Shipfitter. 

5.  Sailmakei-'s  Mate. 

6.  Printer. 

7.  Carpenter's  Mate,  Plumber, 
Fitter,  Painter. 

8.  Turret  Captain. 

9.  Gunner's  Mate. 

10.  Chief  Yeoman. 

11.  Yeoman,  1st,  2nd,  and  3rd 
Class. 

12.  Electrician. 

13.  Machinist's  Mate,  Boiler- 
maker, Water  Tender,  Cop- 
persmith,   Oiler. 

14.  Hospital  Steward,  Hospital 
Apprentice. 

15.  Bandmaster,   Musician. 

MARINE 

Epaulettes.  Gold  with  rank  in- 
signia in  silver.  Worn  hy 
all  officers,  except  staff  de- 
partments, in  special  full 
dress. 

27.  Major-General. 

[nsignia  of  Rank.  On  arm  of 
epaulette,  shoulder  knot  and 
strap. 

28.  Brigadier-General. 

29.  Colonel. 

30.  Lieutenant-Colonel. 

31.  Major.     Gold  Leaf. 

32.  Captain. 

33.  First  Lieutenant. 

Second    Lieutenant.      Plain 
epaulette,  knot  and  strap. 

34.  Shoulder  Knots.  Worn  by 
all  officers  except  staff  de- 
partments, in  full  dress. 
Gold  with  rank  insignia  in 
silver. 


16.  Commissary   Steward. 

17.  Ship  Cook,  Baker,  Officer's 
Cook,  Officer's  Steward. 

18.  Bugler. 

19.  Seaman  Gunner. 

20.  Gun  Pointer. 

21.  Radio  Operator. 

22.  Navy  E.  Worn  hy  such 
men  as  have  been  rated 
"Excellent"  in  some  ship 
competition. 

23.  Torpedo  Man. 

24.  Gun  Captain. 

25.  Ex  Apprentice. 

26.  First  Class  Gun  Pointer. 
When  worn  above  regular 
mark. 

CORPS. 

35.  Shoulder  Knots.  Worn  by 
staff  departments.  Device  of 
department  below  rank  in- 
signia. 

36.  Adjutant  and  Inspector's 
Department. 

37.  Quartermaster   Department. 

38.  Paymaster  Department. 

39.  Aide  de  Camp. 
Che^Tons.     Worn  by  non-commis- 
sioned officers. 

40.  Gun  Pointer. 

41.  Sergeant  Major. 

42.  Band   Leader. 

43.  Quartermaster  Sergeant. 

44.  Sergeant,  Paymaster  De- 
partment. 

45.  Drum  Major. 

46.  Gunnery  Sergeant. 

47.  First  Sergeant. 

48.  Sergeant. 

49.  Corporal. 


114         AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

Enlisted  Men:     On  reenlisting,  an  enlisted  man  re- 
ceives $5.00  a  month  additional  pay  on  his  first  reenlist- 
ment  and  $3.00  additional  to  his  pay  on  all  subsequent, 
reenlistments. 

Extra  allowances  are  also  made  as  follows:  Holders 
of  good  conduct  medals,  75c  a  month  and  an  additional 
75c  a  month  for  each  bar. 

Special  allowances  are  also  to  be  made  for  Marksman- 
ship, Gunnery,  Special  Service  in  Submarine  and  in  Avi- 
ation Service,  the  amounts  of  which  were,  in  July,  1917, 
under  consideration  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

Commencing  June  1,  1917,  and  continuing  until  the  ter- 
mination of  the  present  emergency,  the  pay  of  enlisted 
men  in  active  service  is  increased  as  follows — the  amount 
figured  on  base  pay: 

Those  men  who  do  not  receive  over  $21.00  a  month, 
$15.00  additional  per  month. 

Those  who  receive  $24.00  to  $30.00,  $12.00  a  month 
additional. 

Those  who  receive  over  $40.00,  $6.00  a  month  addi- 
tional. 


UNIFORMS   AND   EQUIPMENTS 

Officees  are  required  to  purchase  their  own  uniforms 
and  equipments  and  to  keep  themselves  supplied  with  the 
required  articles  at  all  times. 

Enlisted  Men  receive  on  joining  a  clothing  and  equip- 
ment issue  and  a  uniform  allowance  in  the  same  manner 
as  prescribed  for  the  Army.  This  issue  varies  so  accord- 
ing to  the  particular  service  to  which  a  man  is  detailed 
that  it  is  impossible  to  enumerate  it  here. 

Uniforms  will  be  worn  by  officers  and  men  at  all  times 
when  on  shipboard  or  within  the  confines  of  a  naval  sta- 
tion. In  times  of  peace  officers  are  permitted  to  wear 
civilian's  clothes  when  going  ashore  or  leaving  the  station 
limits,  and  enlisted  men  only  by  special  permission  when 
leaving  on  an  authorized  furlough.  In  time  of  war  uni- 
forms are  worn  at  all  times. 

The  Naval  Militia  uniforms  and  equipment  conform  to 
those  worn  by  the  Regular  Navy,  except  where  the  star 
is  used  as  a  rank  designation  on  sleeve  or  shoulder-strap 
it  is  surrounded  by  a  circle.  Uniforms,  insignia  of  rank, 
devices,  etc.,  as  prescribed  by  the  uniform  regulations, 
are  shown  in  the  accompanying  plates.    There  is,  how- 

115 


116         AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

ever,  certain  information  which  cannot  be  shown  in  illus] 
tration,  which  is  noted  below. 

Officers:  Aiguillettes  (of  gold  and  black  cord)  are 
worn  on  the  left  shoulder  by  aides  to  the  President  and 
aides  to  the  Governors  of  States ;  and  on  the  right  shoul- 
der by  the  personal  staff  of  Flag  Officers,  Aides  to  Com- 
mandants and  Naval  Attaches  when  on  duty  with  an  Am- 
bassador or  Minister.  They  will  be  worn  at  all  times  on 
the  full  dress  and  social  full  dress  coats  and  on  the  serv- 
ice white  coats,  and  overcoat  when  on  duty. 

Reserve  Officers:  Officers  of  the  Reserve  Corps  and 
Coast  Defense  Reserve  are  required  to  have  the  service 
and  white  uniforms  only,  but  may  equip  themselves  with 
a  complete  uniform,  if  they  so  desire,  for  use  on  such 
occasions  as  it  may  be  proper  to  appear  in  such  uni- 
forms. Uniforms  are  not  worn  by  Reserve  Officers,  ex- 
cept on  duty,  unless  ordered  into  the  Federal  Service, 
when  they  conform  to  the  Naval  Regulations. 

Enlisted  Men:  Chevrons  and  arm  devices  are  worn 
on  the  arm  just  above  the  elbow.  All  men  who  have 
served  a  full  period  of  enlistment  will  wear  on  his  dress 
shirt,  just  above  the  cuff,  a  service  stripe  of  red  cloth. 
For  each  additional  term  of  enlistment  an  additional 
stripe  is  added. 

Miscellaneous  Information:  Medals  are  worn  by  offi- 
cers on  full  dress  coats  at  all  times  and  by  men  on  the 
dress  shirt  on  occasions  of  ceremony.  The  Medal  of 
Honor  is  worn  pendant  below  the  necktie  by  officers  in 
social  full  dress.  Ribbons  only  will  be  worn  on  all  other 
uniforms.    No  medals  or  ribbons  are  permitted  on  the 


NAVY— UNIFORMS  AND  EQUIPMENTS     117 

)vercoat.  Officers  and  men  on  land  duty  when  organ- 
zed  as  prescribed  for  infantry  of  the  Army  wear  the 
regular  equipment  as  prescribed  for  troops.  No  khaki 
3r  olive-drab  colored  uniforms  are  prescribed  for  the 
NFavy,  but  one  is  contemplated.  On  certain  land  service 
recently  that  the  Navy  was  required  to  perform,  the 
white  uniforms  worn  made  a  conspicuous  target  for  the 
memy.  The  experiment  was  tried  with  success  of  soak- 
ng  the  uniforms  in  coffee  before  using,  which  gave  them 
:he  required  inconspicuous  color. 


NAVAL  MILITIA 

The  Naval  Militia  consists  of  the  regular  commissionec 
and  enlisted  militia  of  the  various  States,  organized! 
armed  and  equipped  for  the  corresponding  branches  of 
the  service  in  the  Eegular  Navy.  The  Naval  Militia  in 
time  of  peace  is  maintained  by  the  respective  States, 
which  in  addition  to  State  money  expended  receives  an- 
nually an  appropriation  and  certain  equipment  from  the 
Government  according  to  the  numbers  and  efficiency  of 
their  organization.  When  in  State  service  officers  are 
commissioned  by  their  respective  Governors,  and  are 
transferred  to  the  retired  list  or  resign  accordingly. 
When  in  the  Federal  Service  they  have  the  same  stand- 
ing as  regular  Naval  Officers  and  are  under  the  Naval 
Regulation. 

EnlisteI)  Men  :  Enlistment  is  for  3  years,  for  men  of 
from  18  to  35  years  of  age.  Enlisted  men  either  in  State 
or  Federal  Service  are  enlisted,  retired  and  discharged 
as  prescribed  for  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Navy. 

The  Navy  Department  supplies  to  the  different  State 
organizations  war  vessels  that  are  out  of  Government 
commission  but  are  kept  in  commission  by  the  Militia 

118 


NAVY— NAVAL  MILITIA  119 

and  used  for  headquarters  and  training  purposes.  In 
time  of  peace  the  Militia  are  required  to  carry  out  cer- 
tain plans  of  drills,  maneuvers,  rifle  practise  and  cruises, 
either  in  their  own  vessels  or  as  part  of  the  crews  of 
regular  vessels  in  Government  Commission,  as  may  be 
prescribed  by  the  Bureau  of  Naval  Militia  Affairs.  Offi- 
cers from  the  Regular  Navy  are  detailed  to  the  various 
States  having  a  Naval  Militia  and  on  their  reports  as  to 
efficiency  depends  the  annual  appropriation  and  issue  of 
equipment. 

I  The  uniform  of  the  Naval  Militia  is  the  same  as  pre- 
scribed for  the  Regular  Navy,  except  that  the  officers 
wear  with  their  designation  of  rank  a  gold  star  in  a  cir- 
cle of  narrow  gold  cord. 

Strength  :  Twenty-four  States  and  Territories  main- 
tain a  Naval  Militia,  the  strength  of  which  on  January 
1,  1917,  was  given  as  in  Column  A.  In  April  all  States 
were  ordered  to  recruit  their  organization  to  full  war 
strength,  which  will  bring  the  numbers  in  each  State  as  in 
column  B: 

Column  A  Column  B 

California 887  1,300 

Connecticut    388  700 

District  of  Columbia 201  400 

Florida   281  '700 

Hawaii    1 

Illinois   , 561  2,900 

Louisiana 296  650 

Maine 172  600 


120         AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFOEMATION 

Column  A  Colu/mn  B 

Maryland   194  700 

Massachusetts  748  1,800 

Michigan   496  1,000 

Minnesota   439  1,200 

Missouri  228  300 

New  Jersey 442  1,400 

New  York 1,498  4,500 

North  Carolina 210  450 

Ohio    294  2,400 

Oregon  192  500 

Pennsylvania    163  10,000 

Ehode  Island 204  500 

South  Carolina 210  500 

Texas 54  500 

Washington « 324  700 

Wisconsin 82  | 

8,517  24,700 


EXPLANATORY   NOTES 

rBATTLESHIP 

I  Heavily  armored  carrying  heavy  guns.  A  fighting  ves- 
seh  Sometimes  designated  Dreadnaughts  or  Super- 
dreadnaughts  to  classify  their  armor  and  armament. 

ICruiseks 

Less  heavily  armored,  carrying  lighter  guns  and  ca- 
pable of  high  speed. 

Destroyers 

Are  not  armored,  carry  guns  of  small  caliber,  are  very 
fast  and  the  scout  vessels  of  the  Navy. 

Divisions 
Fleet  or  Flotilla  Divisions 

If  the  size  of  a  fleet  or  flotilla  is  very  large  it  may  be 
divided  into  divisions,  in  which  case  each  division  is 
under  its  own  division  commander,  who  transmits 
to  the  vessels  the  instructions  of  the  fleet  or  flotilla 
commander. 

Ship  Divisions 

The  fighting  force  of  a  ship  is  divided  in  divisions  in 
size  and  the  armament.  A  Division  corresponds  in  a 
general  way  to  a  Company  in  the  Army,  is  com- 
manded by  commissioned  officers  with  the  proper 
complement  of  Junior  and  Petty  Officers  for  its  or- 
ganization. 

121 


122         AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFOEMATION 

Flag  Lieutenant 
An  officer  serving  on  the  staff  of  a  Flag  Officer  as  his 
personal  aide. 

Flag  Officer 

An  officer  who  is  entitled  by  his  rank  to  have  his  pres- 
ence designated  by  a  flag. 

Fleet 
A  number  of  vessels  sailing  and  maneuvering  under 
one  commander.     Generally  applied  to  vessels  of  the 
larger  classes. 

Flotilla 

The  name  generally  given  to  a  fleet  of  vessels  of  the 
smaller  classes — destroyers,  torpedo  boats  and  sub- 
marines. 

Hydeo  Aeroplane 
An  aeroplane  designed  to  use  and  alight  on  the  water. 
Sometimes  called  a  Seaplane. 

Hydroplane 
A  fast  motor  boat  with  a  specially  designed  bottom, 
which  skims  along  the  surface  of  the  water. 

Mother  Ship 
A  name  given  to  a  vessel  that  may  accompany  destroy- 
ers, torpedo  boats  and  submarines  for  the  purpose  of 
carrying  such  surplus  supplies  and  stores  which  they 
may  need  for  long  cruises  and  which  their  limited  size 
prevents  them  from  carrying  on  board. 

Officer  of  the  Deck 
The  officer  who  is  on  duty  and  is  for  the  time  being 


NAVY— EXPLANATORY  NOTES     123 

in  charge  of  the  ship.  This  duty  is  continuous  and  is 
divided  among  those  officers  whose  positions  rank  them 
as  watch  officers. 

[^UAETEK  Deck 
Part  of  the  deck  that  may  be  defined  by  the  Command- 
ing Officer  of  the  vessel.  Its  limits  embrace  so  much 
of  the  main  or  other  appropriate  deck  as  is  necessary 
for  the  proper  conduct  of  official  and  ceremonial  func- 
tions. 

i^ELATH^  Rank  :     See  under  Explanatoky  Notes,  Army. 

Salutes:  See  under  Explanatoky  Notes,  Aemy. 
Special  honors  are  rendered  by  the  dipping  of  the 
ship's  colors.  On  coming  on  board  a  ship  those  en- 
titled to  a  salute  by  cannon  are  received  at  the  gang- 
way by  a  guard  of  honor  known  as  Side  Boys.  Their 
numbers  are  as  follows : 

For  those  entitled  to  a  salute  of  15  guns  or  more,  8 
boys. 

For  those  saluted  with  13  or  11  guns,  6  boys. 
All  officers  and  men  whenever  reaching  the  quarter- 
deck from  the  shore  or  from  another  part  of  the  ship 
salute  the  National  Ensign.    "When  making  the  salute 
they  stop  and  face  the  colors. 

Signals 
Semaphore:    The  transmission  of  messages  by  the  use 
of  small  red  and  yellow  flags  or  a  specially  constructed 
machine  on  which  lights  are  placed  at  night.    Certain 
combinations  of  the  positions  of  the  flags  and  arms  of 


124         AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFOEMATION 

the  maclime  denote  certain  letters  of  the  alphabet  and 
numbers. 

Wig  Wag:  The  name  given  to  flag  signals  Avhich  are 
made  by  movement  of  a  signal  flag  to  the  right  and  left 
or  front  of  the  individual  waving  it.  The  telegraphic 
code  is  generally  used.  The  waving  of  the  flag  to  the 
right  of  the  holder  denoting  a  dot — to  the  left  a  dash 
and  to  the  front  a  space. 

Flag  Signals:  Made  by  colored  flags  which  denote  let- 
ters and  numbers,  hoisted  one  above  the  other  on  a 
mast  so  they  can  be  readily  read. 

Night  Signals:  At  night  letters  and  numbers  are 
made  by  certain  combinations  of  colored  lights,  as  well 
as  the  colored  semaphore  lights.  These  flashing  lights 
(Ardois  Lights)  are  generally  known  in  the  Navy  as 
*' Winking  Johnnies. 


?> 


Searchlight:  Signaling  is  also  done  at  long  range 
by  the  rays  of  searchlights.  Certain  movements  of  the 
ray  and  flashing  or  shutting  off  of  the  light,  denoting 
certain  letters  and  numbers. 

SUBMAEIISTES 

A  vessel  that  can  travel  under  as  well  as  on  the  surface 
of  the  water.  When  submerged  the  boat  is  maneuvered 
by  use  of  a  periscope,  a  vertical,  prismatic  telescope  of 
very  small  diameter,  which  projects  but  a  few  feet 
above  the  surface  and  can  only  be  distinguished  at  a 
short  distance. 


NAVY— EXPLANATOEY  NOTES     125 

In  order  to  submerge  water  is  permitted  to  run  into 
large  tanks  in  the  bottom  of  the  boat  and  the  water  is 
forced  out  by  powerful  pumps  when  it  is  desired  to 
come  to  the  surface.  Diving  rudders  are  used  to  hasten 
the  process.  Each  submarine  is  provided  with  steel 
cylinders  of  compressed  air  which  is  gradually  liber- 
ated for  the  use  of  the  crew  when  submerged. 

Special  Customs 

The  starboard  gangway  is  used  by  commissioned  offi- 
cers and  their  visitors  only.  The  port  gang^vay  is 
used  by  all  other  persons. 

In  entering  a  boat  the  junior  goes  first  and  other 
officers  follow  in  order  of  reverse  rank.  In  leaving  a 
boat  the  senior  goes  first. 

The  commanding  officer  of  a  vessel  always  takes  his 
meals  in  private  unless  some  officers  are  invited  to  be 
his  guests.  He  does  not  take  a  meal  at  any  of  the  vari- 
ous ship's  messes  unless  specially  invited  to  do  so. 

When  boats  or  launches  are  going  in  the  same  di- 
rection an  inferior  does  not  pass  a  superior  unless  he 
has  the  latter 's  permission  to  do  so.  "When  approaching 
a  landing  or  vessel  the  inferior  gives  way  to  the  su- 
perior. When  boats  or  launches  are  approaching  from 
opposite  directions  the  rule  is  to  pass  to  the  right. 

When  the  President,  the  Ruler  of  a  foreign  power 
or  those  members  of  the  Cabinet  entitled  to  a  distinc- 
tive flag  are  visiting  a  vessel,  the  proper  flag  is  dis- 
played at  the  main  during  the  period  they  are  on  board. 
If  saluting  a  foreign  power,  the  flag  of  the  country  sa- 
luted is  displayed  in  a  like  manner. 


126         AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

ToKPEDO  Boats 

Small,  swift  boats  armed  with  torpedoes. 

Traust 
The  name  given  to  those  auxiliary  vessels,  Repair, 
Fuel,  Hospital,  etc.,  that  may  accompany  a  fleet  or  flo- 
tilla. 

Watches 

The  guard  duty  on  board  of  ship  is  known  as  watches, 
which  are  generally  divided  into  terms  of  four  hours' 
duration. 


' 


MARINE  CORPS 


ORGANIZATION 

The  United  States  Marine  Corps  is  an  independent 
branch  of  the  military  service,  and  though  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  Navy  Department,  may  be  detailed  by  or- 
der of  the  President  for  service  with  the  Army.  The 
duties  assigned  to  the  Marine  Corps  are  to  garrison  the 
Navy  Yards  and  Naval  Stations  and  the  defenses  erected 
for  their  protection.  To  furnish  to  all  battleships  and 
cruisers  and  other  vessels,  when  necessary,  a  detachment 
for  guard  duty  and  also  to  assist  in  the  handling  of  the 
ships*  guns.  A  mobile  force  is  also  always  held  in  readi- 
ness at  the  Marine  Barracks  as  the  first  line  for  foreign 
service  when  the  occasion  may  arise.  The  Corps  is  or- 
ganized as  prescribed  for  Infantry  and  Artillery  (serv- 
ing dismounted)  in  the  Army  Regulations.  Officers  and 
men  wear  the  same  designating  rank  as  the  army  with 
some  slight  exceptions,  and  are  armed  with  the  service 
pistol  and  rifle. 

The  corps  is  commanded  by  a  Major-General  and  the 
Administrative  Departments  are  as  follows: 

Adjutant  and  Inspector's  Department 
Keeps  all  records  and  has  charge  of  correspondence, 
the  issuing  of  orders,  notices  and  bulletins  and  official 
literature.  Exercises  general  supervision  over  all  mat- 

129 


130         ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

ters  of  efficiency,  conduct  and  discipline,  condition  of 
uniforms,  equipment,  supplies  and  expenditure  of  pub- 
lic money.  In  charge  of  an  Adjutant  and  Inspector 
General.  - 

Quaetekmaster's  Department  1 

In  charge  of  all  matters  of  supply  and  transportation. 
In  charge  of  a  Quartermaster-General. 

Pay  Department 

In  charge  of  the  distribution  of  funds  and  payment  of 
troops.    In  charge  of  a  Paymaster  General. 


PLATE  XXII.    UNIFORMS— UNITED  STATES  MARINE  CORPS 


Officers,  United  States  Marine  Corps 

1.  Special  Full  Dress.  3.    Field  Service. 

2.  Undress. 


131 


STRENGTH 

The  strength  of  the  Marine  Corps  on  January  1,  1917, 
was 

15,627  officers  and  men. 

On  May  8,  1917,  the  President  was  authorized  to  in- 
crease this  number  to  full  war  strength  of 
30,000  officers  and  men. 

SERVICE 

Officees  :  Officers  are  appointed  from  midshipmen  of 
the  Naval  Academy  who  may  select  this  branch  of  the 
service  on  graduation,  or  by  the  President  from  wor- 
thy non-commissioned  officers  or  directly  from  civil  life. 
Appointees  must  be  between  the  ages  of  21  and  25  years 
and  are  required  to  pass  a  physical  and  mental  exami- 
nation before  they  can  be  commissioned.  Officers  are 
retired  and  resign  as  prescribed  for  officers  of  the  Navy. 

Enlisted  Men;  The  term  of  enlistment  is  4  years. 
Applicants  can  be  between  the  ages  of  18  and  35  years 
and  must  pass  a  certain  physical  and  mental  examina- 
tion. A  minor  must  have  the  consent  of  a  parent  or 
guardian.  Enlisted  men  are  discharged  and  retired  as 
prescribed  for  the  enlisted  men  of  the  Navy. 

132 


PAY 

Officers  and  men  are  paid  monthly 

Major-General    $666.60 

Brigadier-General  500.00 

Colonel  333.33 

Lieutenant-Colonel   291.67 

Major 250.00 

Captain 200.00 

1st  Lieutenant  166.67 

2d  Lieutenant 141.67 

Band  Leader 75.00 

Musician,  1st  class 60.00 

Musician,  2d  class 50.00 

Sergeants,  1st  Sergeants  ' 

Sergeant's  Major  Quartermaster     ....  L  45.00 

Drum  Majors,  Gunnery  Sergeants 

Sergeant 30.00 

Corporal 21.00 

Private,  Drummer,  Trumpeter 16.00 

There  shall  be  allowed  and  paid  each  officer  below  the 
rank  of  Brigadier  General  10%  additional  of  his  current 
yearly  pay  for  each  term  of  five  years'  service.  The 
total  amount  of  such  increase  shall  in  no  case  exceed 
40%.    This  is  known  as  Longevity  Pay. 

133 


134         ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

While  on  service  outside  the  Continental  limits  of  the 
United  States,  officers  receive  10%  additional  pay  while 
so  serving. 

Enlisted  Men  :    On  reenlisting,  an  enlisted  man  re- 
ceives $4.00  a  month  additional  for  each  reenlistment  up 
to  and  including  his  7th. 
Extra  allowances  are  also  made  as  follows : 
Holders  of  good  conduct  medals  75c.  a  month  and  an 
additional  75c.  a  month  for  each  additional  bar. 
For  efficiency  in  marksmanship,  monthly 

Marksman  $2.00 

Sharpshooters    3.00 

Expert  Riflemen 5.00 

The  same  increase  in  pay  for  the  war  as  applicable  to 
the  Army  and  Navy  also  applies  to  the  Marine  Corps. 


PLATE   XXIII.     UNIFORMS— UNITED    STATES    MARINE 

CORPS 


Enlisted  Men,  United  States  M.\rine  Corps 
.     Overcoat.  3.    Dress. 

J.    Field  Service. 


135 


UNIFORMS  AND  EQUIPMENT 

Officers  are  required  to  purchase  their  own  uniforms 
and  equipments  and  keep  themselves  supplied  with  the 
required  articles  at  all  times. 

Enlisted  Men  receive  on  joining  a  clothing  and  equip- 
ment issue  and  a  uniform  allowance  in  the  same  manner 
as  prescribed  for  the  dismounted  troops  of  the  Army, 
omitting  the  breast  cord  and  adding  an  additional  white 
body  belt.  White  uniforms,  also,  are  a  part  of  the  regu- 
lar issue  and  not  issued  only  to  troops  going  to  tropical 
climates.  Uniforms  will  be  worn  by  officers  and  men  at 
all  times  on  board  ship  or  within  the  confines  of  a  naval 
station.  In  times  of  peace  officers  are  permitted  to  wear 
civilian's  clothes  when. going  ashore,  or  leaving  station 
limits,  and  enlisted  men,  by  special  permission,  when 
leaving  on  an  authorized  furlough.  In  time  of  war  uni- 
forms are  worn  at  all  times. 

The  organization  of  the  Naval  Militia  in  some  States 
includes  marines.  They  wear  the  prescribed  uniforms 
of  the  Regular  Corps.  The  wearing  of  insignia  of  rank 
— chevrons,  devices,  medals,  ribbons,  aiguilettes,  are  as 
prescribed  for  the  army. 

Officers  of  the  Marine  Reserve  Corps  are  required  to 
have  the  undress  service  and  white  uniforms  and  equip- 
ments only.  They  do  not  wear  uniforms,  except  on  spe- 
cial occasions,  unless  ordered  into  the  Federal  Service, 
when  they  conform  to  the  Marine  Regulations. 

136 


NURSES  CORPS  (FEMALE) 

ARMY  AND  NAVY 

Consists  of  Superintendents  for  two  branclies  of  thh 
Service  appointed  respectively  by  the  Secretaries  of  War 
and  Navy.  They  must  be  graduates  of  a  hospital  train- 
ing school  and  must  pass  a  required  examination.  Such 
enlisted  nurses  as  may  be  required  are  appointed  by  the 
Surgeons  General  of  the  Army  and  Navy.  Appointees 
must  be  graduates  of  a  hospital  training  school,  and  be- 
fore receiving  an  appointment  must  pass  a  mental  and 
physical  examination. 

Monthly  Pay 

Superintendent .,. . $150.00 

Nurses 50.00 

with  $5.00  a  month  increase  for  each  three  years  of 
service. 

When  a  nurse  is  in  charge  of  a  hospital  she  is  known 
as  a  Matron  and  receives  $10.00  a  month  extra  pay 
while  so  acting. 

137 


FOREIGN  ARMIES  AND  NAVIES 


INTRODUCTION 

With  the  various  changes  the  present  war  has  brought 
about  and  the  uncertainty  as  to  the  truth  of  the  general 
information  obtainable,  it  is  impossible  to  give  any  sta- 
istics  in  regard  to  the  armies  and  navies  of  the  belliger- 
mt  powers  that  would  be  positively  authentic.  In  com- 
Diling  the  following  the  author  has  taken  the  informa- 
ion  given  from  several  sources  (all  of  which  differ),  and 
las  done  the  best  to  strike  an  average  that  he  trusts,  if 
lot  exactly  accurate,  will  be  near  enough  to  give  the 
•eader  a  general  idea  of  the  relative  strength  of  the  dif- 
ferent land  and  sea  forces.  The  estimates  were  made 
as  for  January  1,  1917. 

Naval  vessels,  except  submarines,  conform  in  a  gen- 
eral way  to  the  same  types  in  the  American  Navy  and 
have  approximately  similar  armament  and  crews.  As 
to  submarines,  their  development  has  been  such  that  even 
the  most  expert  naval  authorities  find  it  difficult  to  keep 
in  close  touch  with  the  subject. 

141 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 


Aemy:     Estimated    number    of    men    under    arms, 
3,000,000. 

Rifle :    Manliclier. 

Field  Uniform:  A  bluish  gray,  known  as  cadet  gray,] 
and  almost  identical  with  the  color  worn  by  the  cadets 
at  the  Military  Academy  at  West  Point  and  various  mili- 
tary schools  in  this  country.  It  is  extremely  serviceabh 
and  blends  well  with  the  rocky  backgrounds  of  the  moun- 
tainous frontiers  along  which  the  army  is  generally] 
called  to  operate.  The  coats  are  held  in  place  with  hooks 
or  buttons  concealed  by  a  fly  and  the  fastenings  are  nol 
visible. 

Branches  of  the  service  and  organizations  are  desig- 
nated by  color  or  combinations  of  color  shown  in  patches 
on  the  collar.  Almost  every  organization  has  its  dis- 
tinctive patch,  and  these  patches  are  so  varied,  and  of! 
such  a  number  that  it  is  almost  impossible,  even  for  those] 
actually  in  the  service,  to  familiarize  themselves  with 
more  than  those  of  the  organizations  with  which  theyj 
come  into  immediate  contact. 

Medals  and  decorations  are  freely  awarded  and  may] 
be  worn  on  the  uniform  on  certain  occasions;  at  othei 
times  the  ribbons  are  substituted. 

142 


PLATE  XXIV.     UNIFORMS— AUSTRIAN,  TURKISH  AND 
BULGARIAN  ARMIES 


Field  Service  Uniform,  Austrian,  Turkish,  and  Bulgarian  Armies 

1.  Austrian  Infantry.  3.    Bulgarian  Infantry. 

2.  Turkish  Infantry. 


143 


144         AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 


Navy 


Naval  Bases: 
atic. 


Battleships,  15 

Cruisers,  12 

Destroyers,  18 

Torpedo  Boats,    63 

Submarines,  no  record. 

Cattero,  Pola,  Trieste — all  on  the  Adri-- 


PLATE   XXV.     UNIFORMS— BELGIAN   AND   ITALIAN 

ARMIES 


Field  Service  Uniform,  Belgian  and  Italian  Armies 

1.  Belgian  Infantry.  3.    Italian  Infantry. 

2.  Belgian  Officer. 


145 


PLATE  XXVI.    INSIGNIA— BELGIAN  ARMY 


17 


18 


19 


20 


25 


...',../,,-,V  ,Y\ 

^ 

=^ 

LjM^'^.;:rrr: 

U^^^y/7r^ 

VjJMWrTTTTTTA 

10 

11 

12 

13 

n 

15 

21 


26 


Insignia  of  Rank  and  Devices,  Belgian  Army 
Insignia.    Worn  on  collars,  3.     Colonel. 

1.  General  of  Division.  4.    Lieutenant-Colonel. 

2.  General  of  Brigade.  5.    Major. 


146 


BELGIUM 

Akmy:  Estimated  number  of  men  under  arms,  350,- 
000. 

Rifle :    Mauser. 

Field  Uniform:  At  the  beginning  of  the  present  war 
the  army  had  no  field  service  uniform  and  had  made  only 
minor  changes  in  many  years  in  the  style  and  colors  of 
the  uniforms  worn.  In  1914,  when  mobilized  for  the  war, 
they  went  into  the  field  in  heavy  leather,  brass-mounted 
shakos,  high  bearskin  busbys,  braided  and  gaudily 
trimmed  coats  of  conspicuous  colors,  the  officers  easily 
distinguished  by  their  shining  gold  epaulettes  and  equip- 
ment.   Well  as  the  Belgian  army  did  at  the  time  of  the 


6. 

Commandant.      Three   stars 

13. 

Quartermaster  Sergeant. 

gold. 

14. 

Sergeant. 

7. 

Captain.      Two   stars   gold, 

15. 

Corporal. 

one  silver. 

Devices.     Worn  on  collar  or  arm. 

8. 

First  Lieutenant. 

16. 

Grenadier. 

9. 

Second  Lieutenant.    Star  in 

17. 

Engineer. 

gold. 

18. 

Balloonist. 

Adjutant.     One  star  in  sil- 

19. 

Railway  Regiment. 

ver. 

20. 

Pontoonier. 

Chevrons.     Worn  by  non-commis- 

21. 

Cyclist. 

stoned  officers. 

22. 

Bandsman. 

10. 

First  Sergeant  Major. 

23. 

Motor  Corps. 

11. 

Sergeant  Major. 

24. 

Aviator. 

12. 

First  Sergeant. 

25. 

Interpreter. 

26.    Medical  Service. 

147 

148         AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

German  invasion,  there  is  no  doubt  that  they  would  have 
accomplished  much  more,  and  their  casualties  would 
have  been  much  smaller  had  they  been  less  conspicuous 
in  the  field.  This  great  fault  was  remedied  as  soon  as 
possible  and  the  army  uniformed  and  equipped  in  khaki- 
colored  clothing,  almost  the  same  as  the  British,  but  fol- 
lowing more  the  French  lines  in  cut. 

The  grades  of  the  officers  and  non-commissioned  offi- 
cers correspond  in  a  general  way  to  the  French  service, 
except  that  there  is  the  commissioned  officer,  known  as 
the  Commandant,  who  ranks  between  a  Major  and  Cap- 
tain. The  position  and  duties  of  a  company  adjutant  are 
as  explained  for  the  French  army. 

Navy:    Belgium  has  no  navy. 


BULGARIA 

Aemy:  Estimated  number  of  men  under  arms,  400,- 
000. 

Rifle:    Mannliclier. 

Field  Uniform:  The  Bulgarian  field  service  uniform 
follows  the  Eussian  in  material,  cut  and  equipment  so 
closely  that  previous  to  the  present  war,  unless  one  was 
familiar  with  minor  details,  it  was  almost  impossible  to 
distinguish  them  apart.  If  any  changes  have  been  made 
recently,  no  information  in  regard  to  them  is  obtainable. 

Navy  :    Bulgaria  has  no  navy. 


149 


FRANCE 

Akmy  :  Estimated  number  of  men  under  arms,  4,000,- 
000. 

Rifle :    Lebel. 

Field  Uniform:  Though  the  French  army  had  been 
experimenting  with  field  service  uniforms  for  many 
years,  no  definite  decision  had  been  reached  in  1914,  and 
the  troops  entered  the  war  with  the  blue  coatsj  red  trou- 
sers and  conspicuous  head-gear  that  differed  little  from 
the  Franco-German  war  period  of  41  years  before.  There 
is  no  doubt  that  this  was  the  cause  of  much  unnecessary 
loss  of  life,  and  as  rapidly  as  possible  the  troops  were 
equipped  with  a  field  service  uniform.  For  the  home 
troops  a  grayish  blue  cloth  was  selected,  which  was  con- 
sidered the  most  effective  for  the  country  in  which  the 
armies  were  operating.  For  the  colonial  troops,  whose 
service  might  be  in  other  surroundings,  the  khaki  color, 
as  worn  by  the  British,  was  adopted. 

The  general  cut  of  the  uniforms  conformed  to  those 
worn  when  the  war  began,  but  all  unnecessary  braiding, 
insignia  of  rank,  devices,  etc.,  were  abolished,  and  the 
marks  necessary  to  designate  rank  and  organizations 
were  the  simplest  possible.    As  a  part  of  the  new  field 

150 


PLATE  XXVII.    UNIFORMS— FRENCH  ARMY 


Field  Service  Uniforii,  French  Army 

Cavalry.  3.    Infantry. 

Officer.    Off-duty  Uniform. 


151 


PLATE  XXVIII.    INSIGNIA— FRENCH  ARMY 


Insignia  of  Rank  and  Devices,  French  Army 

Insignia.       Worn    on    arm    just  2.     General  of  Division. 

above  cuff.  3.     General  of  Brigade. 

1.     General.  4.     Colonel. 


152 


AEMIES  AND  NAVIES— FRANCE 


153 


service  equipment  the  troops  of  the  fighting  force  were 
issued  steel  helmets  as  a  protection  against  shrapnel  bul- 
lets. This  innovation  proved  so  effective  that  similar 
helmets  have  been  adopted  by  Belgians,  British,  Germans 
and  Italians. 

The  grades  of  the  officers  and  non-commissioned  offi- 
cers correspond  nearer  to  those  of  our  own  army  than 
any  other  nation,  except  in  grade  of  Adjutant.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  regimental  commissioned  officer  of  that  rank, 
there  is  one  to  each  war  strength  company.  He  occu- 
pies a  position  between  a  commissioned  and  a  non-com- 


5. 

Lieutenant-Colonel. 

Chevrons  of  colored  cloth. 

6. 

Major. 

16. 

First  Class  Private.     Chev- 

7. 

Captain. 

ron  of  colored  cloth. 

8. 

Lieutenant. 

Collar    Patches    of    Branches    of 

9. 

Sous  Lieutenant. 

Service. 

10. 

Trench  Chevrons.    Worn  hy 
both    officers    and   men    on 

Braid  and  numb 
mental  color. 

er  of  regi- 

the   arm    above    the    elbow. 

17. 

Cuirassiers  and 

Dragoons. 

One     chevron      denotes      a 

18. 

Hussars    and    Horse    Chas- 

year's service  at  the  front, 

seurs. 

each  additional   chevron  six 

19. 

Infantry. 

months'  additional  service. 

20. 

Foot  Chasseurs. 

11. 

Collar    Device    of    General 

21. 

Artillery. 

Staff. 

22. 

Aviation  Corps. 

Chevrons.     Worn  hy  non-commis- 

23. 

Zouaves.      Wear 

khaki   in- 

sioned  officers. 

stead  of  blue. 

12. 

Adjutant.      Band   of   black 
and  gold  braid. 

24. 

Spahis.      Wear 
stead  of  blue. 

khaki    in- 

13. 

Sergeant    Major.      Chevron 

Arm  Devices. 

of  gold  braid. 

25. 

Aviation  Corps. 

14. 

Sergeant,    Chevron  of  gold 

26. 

Pioneer. 

braid. 

27. 

Bandsman. 

15. 

Corporal       or       Brigadier. 

28. 

Trumpeter. 

154 


AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 


missioned  officer,  and  performs  certain  duties  and  has 
certain  privileges  that  have  no  exact  counterpart  in  our- 
service. 

The  French  are  very  proud  of  their  medals  and  though 
regulations  prescribe  the  wearing  of  ribbons  on  the  field 
service  uniforms,  it  is  not  strictly  enforced  and  both  offi- 
cers and  men  are  inclined  to  wear  their  decorations  and 
medals  on  every  occasion  and  particularly  so  when  away 
on  leave. 


Navy 


Naval  Bases: 
Toulon. 


Battleships,  30 

Cruisers,  27 

Gunboats,  7 

Destroyers,  87 

Torpedo  Boats,  159 
Submarines,  76 

Brest,  Cherbourg,  Lorient,  Rochefort, 


GERMANY 

Aemy  :  Estimated  number  of  men  under  arms,  7,000,- 
000. 

Rifle:    Mauser. 

Field  Uniform:  For  many  years  previous  to  the  pres- 
ent war  Germany  has  been  experimenting  in  field  uni- 
forms, the  present  one  of  field  gray  being  finally  adopted 
about  1906.  The  entire  army  was  then  equipped,  but  was 
not  allowed  to  use  them  except  by  special  orders.  The 
troops  continued  to  appear  for  work  and  ceremonies  in 
the  distinctive  brightly  colored  and  elaborately  trimmed 
uniforms  so  long  associated  with  the  German  service. 
Field  uniforms  were  kept  in  storage  ready  for  immediate 
issuance,  and  in  July,  1914,  the  entire  army  appeared 
fully  equipped  for  the  field  within  a  few  weeks. 

The  insignia  of  rank  and  other  designations,  as  worn 
on  the  old  uniforms,  were  retained,  as  well  as  the  various 
types  of  head-gear,  these  being  rendered  less  conspic- 
uous by  a  cover  of  field  gray  material.    By  the  end  of 

155 


PLATE  XXIX.    INSIGNIA— GERMAN  AND  AUSTRIAN 

ARMIES 


N 

1 

12 


19 


20 


21 


'* 


zz 


^ 


23 


•^"^ 


24 


^ 


25 


'^ 


26 


Insignia  of  Rank,  Army 


156 


AKMIES  AND  NAVIES— GERMANY 


157 


1916  these  had  disappeared  and  were  replaced  by  field 
gray  caps,  and  for  trench  work  by  steel  shrapnel  helmets. 

The  grades  of  the  officers  and  non-commissioned  offi- 
cers compare  in  a  general  way  to  our  own  service,  ex- 
cept the  position  of  Feld  Webel.  This  is  a  grade  be- 
tween an  officer  and  a  non-commissioned  officer,  and  he 
has  certain  duties  in  an  organization  which  has  no  coun- 
terpart in  our  service. 

Except  decorations  of  the  highest  order,  medals  and 
decorations  are  not  permitted  on  the  service  uniform,  the 


German  Insignia  of  Rank. 

Austrian  Insignia  of  Rank. 

Shoulder  Knots  for  all 

Offi^ 

All  worn  on  the  collar. 

cers. 

Stars  of  silver  or  gold  em- 

1. 

Colonel  General. 

broidery. 

2. 

General   of   Infantry, 

Cav- 

15. 

Corps  Commander. 

airy,  or  Artillery. 

16. 

Division  General. 

3. 

Lieutenant-General. 

17. 

Brigade  General. 

4. 

Major-General. 

18. 

Colonel. 

5. 

Colonel. 

19. 

Lieutenant-Colonel. 

6. 

Lieutenant-Colonel. 

20. 

Major. 

7. 

Major. 

21. 

Captain. 

8. 

Captain. 

22. 

First  Lieutenant. 

9. 

First  Lieutenant. 

23. 

Second  Lieutenant. 

10. 

Second  Lieutenant. 

Stan 

!  of  cotton  e^nbroidery. 

Collar    Devices.      Worn    hy 

non- 

24. 

Staff  Sergeant. 

commissioned  officers. 

25. 

Sergeant. 

11. 

Staff  Sergeant  (Feldwebel). 

26. 

Corporal. 

12. 

Other  Non-commissioned  or 

Some 

'■    special    staff    departments 

Under-ofiQcers. 

wear  markings  in  the  form 

13. 

Sleeve    Braiding    Non- 

-com- 

of  an  embroidered  rose  in- 

missioned or  TJnder-officers. 

stead  of  the  star.    The  num- 

14. 

Shoulder    Piece    Bandsman 

ber  and  the  arrangement  to 

or  Trumpeter. 

show  rank  are  the  same. 

158         ARMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

ribbons  being  substituted.  The  ribbon  of  the  Iron  Cross 
is  worn  through  the  button  hole  on  the  front  of  the  coat ; 
other  ribbons  on  the  left  breast. 

Navy 

Battleships,  53 

Cruisers,  49 

Destroyers,         164 

Torpedo  Boats,    47 

Submarines,  no  record. 
Naval  Bases:  Cuxhaven,  Keil,  Memel,  Osternoor,  Wil- 
helmshaven. 


PLATE  XXX.     UNIFORMS— GERMAN  ARMY 


Field  Service  Uniform,  German  Army 

1.  Infantry.  3.     Officer. 

2.  Uhlan. 


159 


GREAT  BRITAIN 

Aemy  :  Estimated  number  of  men  under  arms,  includ- 
ing colonial  troops  serving  in  France,  4,000,000. 

Rifle:    Lee-Enfield. 

The  British  Army  was  the  first  to  adopt  a  special  uni- 
form for  service  in  the  field,  the  troops  in  India  being  so 
equipped  as  far  back  as  1880.  The  color  adopted  was 
that  of  Khaki  Grass,  which  covered  much  of  the  country 
in  which  the  military  operations  were  then  being  carried 
on,  and  this  name  has  spread  until  it  has  now  become  the 
general  designation  of  all  materials  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  field  service  uniforms,  when  of  a  broAvn,  yellow 
or  greenish  color.  The  Boer  War  in  1900  brought  the 
field  uniform  universally  into  the  British  service,  both  at 
home  and  abroad  for  all  work,  but  the  distinctive  dress 
uniforms  (including  the  historical  red  coats)  were  re- 
tained for  all  ceremonies  and  formal  occasions. 

In  general  appearance  the  field  uniforms  for  all 
branches  of  the  service  are  of  the  same  pattern,  except 
the  Highland  regiments.  These  have  retained  their  his- 
toric kilts  and  bonnets,  but  regimental  tartans  have  been 
discontinued  and  both  are  now  made  of  khaki  colored 
material. 

160  I 

i 


PLATE  XXXI.    UNIFORMS— BRITISH    ARMY 


Field  Service  Uniform,  British  Army 

1.  Mounted  Officer.  3.    Infantry. 

2.  Highland  Regiments. 


161 


PLATE  XXXII.     INSIGNIA— BRITISH  ARMY 


13 


14 


"V 


15 


20 


21 


22 


16 


23 


17 


18 


24 


25 


19 


26 


Insignia  of  Rank  and  Devices,  British  Army 

Insignia.       Worn  on     shoulder  2.    Lieiitenant-General. 

straps.  3.     Major-General. 

1.     General.  4.    Brigadier-General. 


162 


ARMIES  AND  NAVIES— GREAT  BRITAIN    163 

Though  the  British  troops  at  first  sight  all  have  a 
great  similarity  in  appearance,  there  is  no  army  in  the 
world  that  has  so  many  minor  distinctive  marks  to  desig- 
nate branches  of  the  service  and  organizations.  Each 
organization  has  its  own  special  device,  or  organization 
crest,  generally  worn  on  the  cap,  and  collar  or  shoulder- 
strap,  and  any  description  in  detail  of  these  would  be 
impossible  in  this  limited  space. 


Insignia.  Worn  hy  all  other  offi- 
cers on  sleeve,  except  as 
noted  under  11  and  12. 

5.  Colonel. 

6.  Lieutenant-Colonel. 

7.  Major. 

8.  Captain. 

9.  First  Lieutenant. 

10.  Second  Lieutenant. 

11.  Shoulder  Strap  as  Worn  by 
Officers  of  the  Guards,  and 
on  All  Officers'  Overcoats. 
Rank  is  shown  hy  the  same 
insignia  as  is  worn  on  cuff. 

12.  Cuff  as  Worn  by  Officers  in 
Scotch  Regiments.  Rank  is 
shown  hy  same  insignia  as 
is  worn  on  other  cuffs. 

Chevrons.  Worn  by  non-commis- 
sioned officers. 

13.  Staff  Sergeant  Major. 

14.  Regimental  Quartermaster 
Serg-eant. 


15.  Quartermaster   Sergeant. 

16.  Company,  Battery,  or  Troop 
Sergeant  Major. 

17.  Color  Sergeant. 

18.  Sergeant. 

19.  Corporal. 

20.  Lance  Corporal. 

21.  Good  Conduct  Badge. 

22.  Signalman. 

Devices  of  Branches  of  the  Serv- 
ice. 

23.  Engineer. 

24.  Artillery. 

25.  Machine-gun  Corps. 

26.  Scout. 

27.  Bandsman. 

28.  Bugler. 

29.  Flying  Corps. 

30.  Qualified       Pilot,       Flying 
Corps. 

31.  Army  Medical  Corps. 

32.  Stretcher  Bearer. 


164         AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

Troops  from  Canada  combine  the  device  of  a  Maple 
Leaf  with  that  of  their  organization.  Australian,  New 
Zealand  and  South  African  troops  wear  the  soft  felt  hat, 
instead  of  the  regulation  cap,  and  the  native  East  Indian 
troops  can  readily  be  distinguished  by  their  turbans  or 
other  Oriental  headgear. 

The  grades  of  officers  and  non-commissioned  officers 
and  their  duties  correspond  in  a  general  way  to  our 
Army,  except  the  Color  Sergeant.  In  the  British  service 
the  colors  of  an  organization  are  always  carried  by  a 
junior  commissioned  officer,  and  the  title  Color  Sergeant 
is  held  by  a  company  non-commissioned  officer,  whose 
duties  correspond  to  those  of  First  Sergeant  in  our  serv- 
ice. No  medals  or  decorations  are  ever  permitted  to  be 
worn  on  the  service  uniforms,  but  each  has  its  distinctive 
ribbon.  The  British  Army  has  done  so  much  service  in 
the  past,  for  which  campaign  medals  and  special  decora- 
tions have  been  issued,  that  an  observer  will  find  a  great 
number  and  variety  of  these  ribbons.  The  principal  one 
issued  for  service  in  the  present  war  will  be  found  on 
Plate  V. 


Navy 


Battleships,  76 

Cruisers,  134 

Gunboats,  41 

Destroyers,  262 
Torpedo  Boats,  100 
Submarines,  no  record. 


ARMIES  AND  NAVIES— GREAT  BRITAIN    165 

Naval  Bases:  In  Great  Britain:  Portsmouth,  Dev- 
onsport,  Chatham,  Sheerness,  Rosyth,  Queenstown. 

Over  Seas:  Aden,  Bermuda,  Calcutta,  Ceylon,  Gi- 
braltar, Hong  Kong,  Malta,  Singapore,  Simonstown 
(Capetown),  Sydney  (Australia). 


ITALY 

Army  :    Estimated  number  of  men  under  arms,  2,000,- 
000. 
Rifle :    Mannlicher. 

The  field  service  uniform  of  Italy  first  came  into  gen- 
eral use  during  the  war  with  Tripoli  in  1911.  Previous 
to  that  time  several  patterns  and  colors  were  in  use  and 
only  certain  organizations  were  so  uniformed.  The  pres- 
ent cloth  is  of  a  greenish  gray  in  color,  and  very  service- 
able and  indistinct  in  itself,  but  much  of  the  trimming 
used  on  the  old  uniforms  has  been  retained,  which  does 
not  add  to  its  invisibility  in  the  field.  The  uniforms  are 
very  loose  in  cut,  without  much  regard  to  fit,  and  hooks 
are  almost  universally  used  for  fastenings,  there  being 
no  buttons  to  show. 

The  army  is  equipped  with  service  caps  and  shrapnel 
helmets,  except  the  Alpine  troops  and  Bersagleri  (rifle- 
men), who  wear  a  distinctive  headgear  which,  though  it 
promotes  great  esprit  de  corps  in  the  organizations,  ren- 
ders them  more  conspicuous  in  the  field. 
Navy 

Battleships,  14 

Cruisers,  22 

Gunboats,  10 

Destroyers,  35 

Torpedo  Boats,    86 
Submarines,  25 

Naval  Bases:    Genoa,  Naples,  Venice. 

166 


JAPAN 

Army:  Estimated  under  arms,  300,000  men.  Peace 
strength  only,  as  the  army  has  not  been  raised  to  its  war 
numbers. 

Rifle:    Ariska  Mauser. 

The  field  service  uniform  is  khaki  in  color,  extremely 
plain  in  cut  and  without  ornamentation  of  any  kind.  In- 
signia of  rank,  devices  of  organizations,  etc.,  are  of  the 
simplest  character. 


Navy 


Battleships,  20 

Cruisers,  23 

Gunboats,  4 

Destroyers,  52 

Torpedo  Boats,  30 

Submarines,  15 


167 


MONTENEGRO 

Aemy  :    Estimated  number  of  men  under  arms,  50,000. 

Rifle:    Eussian  Three  Line. 

Since  the  conquering-  of  Montenegro  by  Austria  little 
information  is  obtainable  as  to  the  number  and  condition 
of  the  army,  which  is  believed  to  be  somewhere  in  the 
mountainous  regions  to  the  eastward  of  the  capital  city 
of  Cetinje. 

Previous  to  the  first  Balkan  war,  in  1912,  the  Monte- 
negrans  had  no  service  uniforms;  in  fact,  many  of  the 
troops  were  without  uniforms  at  all,  performing  their 
military  service  in  their  native  costumes.  In  preparation 
for  service  against  the  Turks,  a  large  part  of  the  army 
was  equipped  in  a  field  service  uniform  following  the 
Italian  in  cut,  but  the  Russian  in  color,  trimmings  and 
equipment.  The  native  little  round  cap  was  retained, 
but  of  a  corresponding  color  to  the  rest  of  the  uniform. 

Navy  ;    Montenegro  has  no  navy. 


168 


PLATE    XXXIII.      UNIFORMS— PORTUGUESE,    MONTE- 
NEGRIN   AND     JAPANESE   ARMIES 


Field  Service  Uniform,  Portuguese,  Montenegrin,  and  Japanese 

Armies 

1.  Portuguese  Infantry.  3.    Japanese  Infantry. 

2,  Montenegrin  Infantry 


PORTUGAL 

Army:  Estimated  number  of  men  under  arms,  150,- 
000. 

Rifle:    Mauser  Verguerro. 

The  field  uniform  of  the  Portuguese  army  is  light  gray 
in  color,  following  in  the  clothing  of  the  French  pattern, 
while  the  cap  is  of  a  distinctly  British  type. 


Navy 


Naval  Bases, 


Battleships,  1 

Cruisers,  5 

Torpedo  Boats,  8 

Destroyers,  3 

Submarines,  3 
Lisbon,  Oporto. 


170 


ROUMANIA 

Army:  Estimated  number  of  men  under  arms,  500,- 
000. 

Rifle :    Mannlicher. 

The  field  service  uniform  is  khaki  in  color,  but  of  a 
light  shade,  almost  the  same  as  that  of  Russia.  All  the 
colors  of  the  trimmings,  insignia  of  rank,  wearing  of 
medals  and  decorations  are  retained  from  the  old  dis- 
tinctive uniforms. 

Navy 

River  Monitors,     4 
Destroyers,  4 

Torpedo  Boats,   12 


171 


EUSSIA 

Aemy  :  Estimated  number  of  men  under  arms,  7,000,- 
000. 

Rifle :    Known  as  the  Three  Line. 

The  Eussian- Japanese  "War  (1903)  brought  the  field 
service  uniform  into  universal  use  in  the  Eussian  army. 
The  color  for  the  uniform  is  greenish  yellow,  of  a  much 
lighter  shade  than  that  worn  by  most  armies  using  the 
so-called  khaki.  Field  overcoats  are  made  of  a  grayish 
brown  material,  very  rough  in  texture  and  extremely 
thick  and  heavy.  Coats  and  trousers  are  tight  fitting  and 
high  black  boots  are  universally  worn  by  officers  and  men 
of  all  branches  of  the  service.  Insignia  of  rank  and  in 
some  cases  trimmings  of  color  have  been  retained  from 
the  old  distinctive  uniforms.  All  medals  and  decorations 
are  worn  on  the  service  uniforms  on  all  occasions. 


172 


PLATE  XXXIV.     UNIFORMS— SERBIAN,  ROUMANIAN,    AND 

RUSSIAN   ARMIES 


Field  Service  Uniform,  Serbian,  Roumanian,  and  Russian  Armies 

1.  Serbian   Infantry.  3.     Russian  Infantry. 

2.  Roumanian  Infantry. 


173 


PLATE  XXXV.    INSIGNIA— ITALIAN  AND  RUSSIAN  ARMIES 


Insignia  of  Rank  and  Devices,  Army 


174 


AKMIES  AND  NAVIES— EUSSIA  175 

Navy  {Including  the  Black  Sea  Fleet) 

Battleships,  17 

Cruisers,  29 

Destroyers  (about),  100 
Submarines,  no  record. 

Naval     Bases:    Kronstadt,    Libau,    Keval,    Oshakov 
(Odessa),  Sebastopol  (Crimea),  Vladivostok  (Siberia). 


Italian  Officer's  Shoulder  Straps. 

17. 

1.     General. 

18. 

2.     Lieutenant-General. 

19. 

3.    Major-General. 

4.     Colonel. 

5.    Lieutenant-Colonel 

20. 

6.    Major. 

21. 

7.     Captain. 

22. 

8.    Lieutenant. 

23. 

9.    Under  Lieutenant. 

24. 

Enlisted  Men,  Sleeve  Devices 

Enli 

10.     Staff  Sergeant. 

25. 

11.     Sergeant.        Braiding 

in 

26. 

white. 

27. 

12.     Corporal.    Braiding  in 

red. 

28. 

Italian  Arm  Devices. 

29. 

13.     Pioneer. 

14.     Trumpeter. 

15.     Sharpshooter. 

Russ 

Russian  Officer's  Shoulder  Straps. 

30. 

16.    General. 

31. 

Lieutenant-General. 
Major-General. 
Colonel.    The  number  desig- 
nates the  regiment  to  which 
the  wearer  belongs. 
Lieutenant-Colonel. 
Captain. 

Captain  on  the  Staff. 
Over  Lieutenant. 
Lieutenant. 

Enlisted  Men,  Shoulder  Straps 

Staff  Sergeant  (Feldwebel). 
Sergeant  Major. 
Sergeant. 
Corporal. 

Sleeve  Braiding.  Worn  by 
all  non-commissioned  offi- 
cers. 

Russian  Arm  Devices. 
Signalman. 
Pioneer. 


SERBIA 


Army:  Estimated  number  of  men  under  arms,  300,- 
000. 

Rifle:    Mauser. 

The  Serbian  field  service  uniform  at  the  beginning  of 
the  war  was  on  the  same  lines  as  that  of  Austria  Hun- 
gary, both  in  cut  and  color.  In  the  reorganization  of  the 
Serbian  army,  under  French  and  Italian  direction,  a 
grayish  brown  colored  cloth  was  adopted  and  the  cut 
more  on  that  of  the  French,  including  as  a  part  of  the 
equipment  the  shrapnel  helmets. 

Navy  :    Serbia  has  no  navy. 


176 


TURKEY 

Akmy  :  Estimated  number  of  men  under  arms,  1,000,- 
000.  This  number  seems  small,  considering  the  armies 
Turkey  has  in  the  field,  but  was  derived  from  the  only 
figures  obtainable.    ' 

Rifle :    Mauser. 

The  Turkish  army,  being  completely  under  control  of 
Germany,  has  practically  followed  the  German  field  serv- 
ice uniform  exactly,  in  cut,  color,  trimmings,  etc.  The 
only  difference  was  the  retaining  of  the  red  or  black  fez 
as  a  headgear,  but  this  is  protected  in  the  field  by  a  cov- 
ering of  material  the  same  color  as  the  uniform.  Medals 
and  decorations  of  little  value  are  freely  given  in  the 
Turkish  service  and  worn  by  the  recipients  at  all  times. 

Navy 

Battleships,  2 

Cruisers,  2 

Gunboats,  2 

Destroyers,  8 

Torpedo  Boats,  9 

Submarines,  no  record. 
Naval  Base:    Constantinople. 

177 


EXPLANATORY  NOTES 

Adjutant 

See  Fkench  Aemy. 

Admikalty 

Corresponds  in  England  to  our  Navy  Department. 

Alpini 

Italian  troops  drilled  and  equipped  for  Mountain  Serv- 
ice. 

Army  Service  Corps 

The  British  Army's  corresponding  organization  to  our 
Quartermaster  Corps. 

Blighty 

A  newly  coined  word  (said  to  be  from  the  Urdu)  used 
affectionately  by  the  British  soldiers  in  France  to  des- 
ignate England. 

Blue  Devils 

Popular  name  given  to  the  French  Chasseur  d 'Alpine 
on  account  of  the  dark  blue  uniforms  worn  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war. 

178 


EXPLANATORY  NOTES  179 

Brass  Hat 

Slang  expression  used  in  the  British  Service  to  denote 
a  general  or  staff  officer.  Derived  from  the  gold  braid- 
ing on  his  cap^s  visor. 

BOSCHE 

An  expression  used  to  designate  a  German. 
Color  Sergeant 
See  English  Army. 

Chasseur  d 'Alpine 
French  Troops  equipped  for  mountain  service. 

ESCADRILLE 

Section  of  the  French  Flying  Corps. 
Feld  Webel 
See  German  Army. 

Foreign  Legion 

An  organization  of  the  French  Army  in  which  recruits 
are  taken  without  question  of  nationality.  Previous  to 
the  present  war  they  were  for  service  in  French  North 
Africa.    Their  record  has  been  a  brilliant  one. 

FUSILEERS 

A  name  given  to  some  regiments  in  the  English  Serv- 
ice for  historic  reasons  only  as  they  conform  in  organi- 
zation and  equipment  to  the  regular  infantry. 

Kilometer 

The  international  measure  of  length  used  in  Europe. 
It  is  936  yards.  About  3/5  of  a  mile.  1,000  meters 
make  a  kilometer. 

Last  Post 

British  Bugle  call  corresponding  to  our  Taps. 


180         AEMY  AND  NAVY  INFORMATION 

Light  Infantry 

A  historic  name  retained  by  some  regiments  that  has 
no  significance  under  the  present  organization,  as  they 
conform  in  every  way  to  other  infantry. 

Na  Pooh 
A  British  soldier's  pronunciation  of  the  French  II  n'y 
a  plus  (It  is  finished).  Used  as  a  slang  expression  as 
we  would  say  *^ Nothing  Doing."  Also  to  express  the 
end  of  anything  as  ** Dinner  is  Na  Pooh/'  or  ** Ser- 
geant A.  got  Na  Poohed  by  a  shell." 

Out  There 
An  expression  used  in  Great  Britain  in  speaking  in  a 
general  way  of  the  theater  of  war  on  the  continent. 

Oversea  Contingents 
Name  applied  to  Colonial  troops  serving  in  the  British 
Army. 

Rifles 
A  name  born  by  certain  regiments  for  historic  reasons 
only.    It  has  no  significance  in  the  present  organiza- 
tion, as  they  are  uniformed  and  equipped  the  same  as 
other  infantry. 

Spahis 
French  Algerian  Cavalry. 

POILU 

^^ Hairy,"  popular  name  given  to  a  French  soldier.      | 

Tank 
An  armed  and  armored  motor  car  of  great  power 
driven  by  caterpillar  wheels. 


EXPLANATORY  NOTES  181 

Train 

The  Frencli  and  Belgian  organization  corresponding 
to  the  Transportation  Department  of  our  Quarter- 
master Corps. 

Tommy 
Popular  name  given  to  a  British  soldier.    An  abbre- 
viation of  Thomas  Atkins,  which  has  been  applied  to 
men  in  the  service  for  years. 

"Wae  Office 

Corresponding  in  England  to  our  War  Department. 


FOREIGN  MEDALS  AND  DECORATIONS  FOR  DISTIN- 
GUISHED  SERVICE  IN  THE  PRESENT  WAR 

See  Plate  V 
ViCTOEiA  Cross 

The  highest  British  Decoration  given  for  signal  acts 
of  valor  performed  in  the  presence  of  the  enemy  out- 
side of  the  regular  line  of  duty. 

Wae  Ceoss 

British  Decoration  for  specially  meritorious  work  dur-, 
ing  the  present  war. 

Distinguished  Seevice  Oedee 

British  Decoration  for  distinguished  services  per-| 
formed  by  officers. 

Distinguished  Seevice  Medal 

British  Decoration  for  distinguished  services  per-] 
formed  by  enlisted  men. 

Legion  of  Honoe 

French  Decoration  awarded  for  distinguished  services 
in  military  and  civil  life. 

Ceoix  de  Gueeee 

(War  Cross)  French  Decoration  for  special  meritori- 
ous services  in  war.  Should  the  recipient  receive  fur- 
ther honors  they  are  designated  by  a  branch  of  a  palm 
placed  on  the  ribbon  for  each  additional  award. 

182 


FOREIGN  MEDALS— PRESENT  WAR       183 

Medalle  Militaiee 

(Military  Medal)  Highest  French  Decoration  for  dis- 
tinguished military  service. 

Medaille  Mllit.ure 

(Military  Medal.)  Italian  Decoration  for  distinguished 
military  service. 

Order  of  Leopold 
Belgian  Decoration  for  distinguished  military  service. 

Order  of  Saixt  George 
Russian  Decoration  for  distinguished  military  service. 

Irox  Cross 

GeiTQan  Decoration  awarded  for  distinguished  military 
or  civil  service. 

Military  Cross 
Austrian  Decoration  for  distinguished  military  service. 


PLATE   XXXVI.     CONVENTIONAL   MAP   SIGNS— U.   S.   AND 

FOREIGN 


X   X   T   T 


n  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

9 


¥  A 


■•■•■•■ 

Z 


mi  1 1 1 1 1 

10 


+  -••++  + 

3 


<HL  I  1  I  I  M  f 


miMWM 

4 


f4-+4i 


11 


13 


14 


1  + 


12 


19 


MI/  \U^  W 

m  w  w 

20 


IS      JLJLJL 


O  O  O 


24 


BUSH, 

CORN, 

CRASS. 


26 


27 


28 


29 


30 


51 


fe!!L 


32 


33 


34  35  36  37  '33 


lllllllllllll       •    •    •  OCXXD 

42                         44  46 

5?  ^«^H<-  AAA  000 

41                      43                      45  47 


Conventional  Signs  Used  on  Military  Maps,  United  States,  and 

Foreign 

1.  Telegraph  Lines.  4.     Boundary  Lines,  German. 

2.  Boundary  Lines,  American.  5.     Good  Road. 

3.  Boundary  Lines,  French.  6.    Unimproved  Road. 

184 


CONVENTIONAL  MAP  SIGNS 

Though  this  is  hardly  the  place  to  take  up  the  subject 
of  map  reading,  a  few  of  the  conventional  signs  used  on 
military  maps  may  be  of  use  to  the  reader  in  giving  him 
a  better  understanding  of  the  maps  published  of  the  bat- 
tles and  countries  in  which  the  various  armies  are  oper- 
ating. 


7.  Trail  or  Path. 

8.  Railroad  Tunnel. 

9.  Single  Track  Railroad. 

10.  Double  Track  Railroad. 

11.  Switch  or  Siding. 

12.  Railroad  Cut. 

13.  Windmill. 

14.  Lighthouse. 

15.  Schoolhouse. 

16.  Church  with  Tower. 

17.  Church. 

18.  Building.     Size  indicated  hy 

size  of  sign. 

19.  Thick  Woods. 

20.  Marsh. 

21.  Town    or    City.      Size   indi- 

cated hy  size  of  sign, 

22.  Detached  Trees. 

23.  Cemetery. 

24.  Orchard. 

25.  River  or  Stream. 

A.  Ferry. 

B.  Ford  for  Foot  Travelers. 

C.  Bridge. 

D.  Ford  for  Vehicles. 

E.  Pontoon  Bridge. 


26. 


27. 


28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 
32. 
33. 
34. 
35. 
36. 
37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 
41. 
42. 
43. 
44. 
45. 
46. 
47. 


Indicating         Growth         on 

Ground. 

Canal. 

A.  Lock. 

....  Towpath. 

Aqueduct. 

Bridge  Over  Railroad. 

Tunnel  Under  Railroad. 

Railroad  Grade  Crossing. 

Infantry. 

Cavalry. 

Infantry  Sentinel  or  Outpost. 

Headquarters. 

Cavalry  Vidette. 

Battery  of  Artillery. 

(3f\--  in  Fortified  Position. 

M 

0 


185 


TABLE  OF  FOREIGN  MONEY 

Giving  Appkoximate  Values  in  American  Money 

AUSTEIA 

Heller,  1/5  of  a  cent. 
Krone  (100  Heller),  20  cents. 

Belgium 

Centime,  1/5  of  a  cent. 

Franc  (100  centimes),  20  cents. 

England 

Penny,  2  cents. 

Shilling  (12  pence),  24  cents. 

Pound  (20  shillings),  $4.80. 

France 

Centime,  1/5  of  a  cent. 

Franc  (100  centimes),  20  cents. 

Germany 
Pfennig,  i/4  of  a  cent, 
Mark  (100  pfennig),  25  cents. 

Italy 

Centisimi,  1/5  of  a  cent. 
Lira,  100  centisimi,  20  cents. 

Russia 

Kopeck,  %  a  cent. 

Puble  (100  kopeck),  50  cents. 

186 


INDEX 


Abbreviations    80 

Adjutant    .  .  • ' ' ' '       4 

Adjutant  General 1 

Adjutant    General    Department 

Army     2 

Adjutant    General    Department 

Marine  Corps    130 

Airplane     65 

Airship    65 

Am.bulance  Company   10 

Ammunition  Train 11 

Annapolis 102 

Aero  Squadron    14 

Armament  Army    39 

Armament   Na\7-    104 

Armored  Cruisers 105 

Army    ['"     22 

Army  Slang- 84 

Austria  Hungary   142 

Aviation   42 

Aviation  Schools 38 

Band  Section    *  *       q 

Barracks     *     65 

i    Battalion    Coast    Artillery .'     12 

i    Battalion  of  Engineers 14 

'    Battalion  Field  Artillery ."  .*     12 

!    Battalion  Infantry 12 

i   Battalion  Parade   65 

I   Battalion  Signal  Corps 14 

'   Battery  Field  Artillery ....        7 

'  Battleships    104-121 

!  Belgium I47 

'  Billets  [    [     65 

Bivouacs 65 

*  Bombs [     66 

■  Brigade 16 

I  Baker 's  School   38 

!  Bugle  Calls .'.*.*.*.*.*.*.*     66 

Bulgaria *  *   149 

187 


C'amps    66 

Cantonments    66 

Cavalry  Division 18 

Cavalry  School    37 

Cavalry  Troop *       7 

Cavalry  Regiment 15 

Cavalry  Squadron 12 

Chevrons  and  Devices  Army.  . .     52 

Coast  Artillery  Company 7 

Coast  Artillery  Corps 2 

Coast  ArtiDery  School 37 

Coast  Defense  Artillery 40 

Coast  Defense  Reserve 96 

Colors     66 

Commissioned  Oflficers 67 

Construction    and    Repairs    Bu- 
reau of  Navy 88 

Cooks  School  38 

Crews    102 

Cruisers   105-12] 

Dental  Corps 3 

Destroyers 105-121 

Devices   67 

Division  Ammunition  Train ....     20 

Division  Army I6 

Division    Navy    121 

Division  Supply  Train 19 

Enfield   Rifle    41-56 

Engineer  Battalion 14 

Engineer  Company  Pontoon 8 

Engineer  Company  Pioneer 7 

Engineer  Corps 2 

Engineering       Field        Service 

School  38 

Engineer  Officer  Navy 91 

Engineer  Regiment    15 

Engineering  School    37 

Enlistment  Army   36 

Enlistment  Marine  Corps 132 


188 


INDEX 


Enlistment  National  Guard ....     59 

Enlistment  Navy    100 

Enlistment  Naval  Militia 119 

Escort  to  the  Colors 67 

Executive  Officer  Navy 90 

Explanatory  Notes  Army 65 

Explanatory  Notes  Foreign. . . .   178 

Explanatory  Notes  Navy 121 

Field  Artillery    39 

Field  Artillery  Battalion 12 

Field   Artillery   Battery 7 

Field  Artillery  Eegiment 15 

Field  Artillery  School 37 

Field  Artillery  School  of  Fire. .     38 

Field  Army   20 

Field  Bakery   12-67 

Field   Equipm.ent    60 

Field  Hospital 18 

Field  Officer 67 

First  Aid  Packet 68 

First  Lieutenant  Navy 90 

Flags  Army    ii 

Flag  Lieutenant  Navy 122 

I^lags  Navy vi 

Flag  Officer  122 

Fleet   122 

Flotilla   122 

Foreign  Armies  and  Navies.  .  .  .    141 
Foreign  Medals  and  Decorations  182 

Foreign  Money  186 

France    150 

Funeral  Escort 68 

Furloughs 68 

General  Officer   69 

General  Staff  Corps   1 

Germany 155 

Guard   Mounting    69 

Great  Britain 160 

Gun  Boats  105 

Hand  Grenades 66 

Headquarters  Company 4 

Heavy  Artillery 39 

Horse  Artillery 39 

Hydro-aeroplanes    122 

Hydroplane    122 

Hydrographic  Office  Navy 88 

Incinerator 69 


Identification  Tag 69 

Infantry   Battalion    12 

Infantry  Company 4 

Infantry  Eegiment 14 

Infantry  School   38 

Insignia    Devices    and    Medals, 

Foreign     x 

Insignia  of  Eank,  Army 

iv,  26-28,  52-70 
Insignia  of  Eank,  Austria  Hun- 
gary       156 

Insignia  of  Eank,  Belgium....   146 

Insignia  of  Eank,  France 152 

Insignia  of  Eank,  Germany.  . .  .   156 
Insignia  of  Eank,  Great  Britain  162 

Insignia  of  Eank,  Italy 174 

Insignia  of  Eank,  Marine  Corps 

viii,   112 
Insignia  of  Eank,  Navy  viii,  110-112 

Insignia  of  Eank,  Eussia 174 

Inspection    70 

Inspector  General's  Department 

Army 2 

Inspector  General's  Department 

Marine  Corps    130 

Inspection  of  Quarters 70 

Instruction  Army 37 

Instruction  Navy   102 

Insular  Affairs,  Bureau  of 3 

Italy    166 

Japan    167 

Judge     Advocate      Department 

Army     2 

Leaves  and  Furloughs 70 

Light  Artillery 39 

Line  Officers 70 

Machine  Guns 40 

Machine  Gun  Company 6 

Map  Signs 184 

Marine  Corps 127 

Marine  Officer 92 

Marksmen 's  Decorations 56 

Medals  and  Eibbons xii 

Medical  Corps 3 

Medical  Department 3 

Medical  Field  Service  School. . .     38 
Medical  School 37 


INDEX 


189 


Medical  Officers  Navy 92 

Medicine   and  Surgery,  Bureau 

of 88 

Military  Police    10-70 

Military  Post 70 

Militia  Affairs  Bureau  of  Army  3 
Militia  Affairs  Bureau  of  Navy     88 

Mines    71 

Mine  Layers 71 

Monitors 105 

Montenegro    168 

Mother  Ship    122 

Mountain  Artillery 39 

Musketry  School 38 

Muster    71 

National  Anthem   71 

National   Guard    59 

Naval  Militia    118 

Naval  Service  98 

Naval  Operations,  Bureau  of..     87 

Navigator 90 

Navigation,  Bureau  of 87 

Non-commissioned  Officers  ....      72 

Nurses '  Corps 137 

Officer  of  the  Day 72 

Officer  of  the  Deck 122 

Office    of    the    Judge    Advocate 

Navy  87 

Officers'  Eeserve  Corps,  Army. .  34 
Officers '  Eeserve  Corps,  Navy . .  99 
Ordnance,  Bureau  of  Navy. ...  88 
Ordnance   Department,   Army. .       2 

Ordnance  School 38 

Ordnance  Officer,  Navy 90 

Organization  Army   1 

Organization  Marine  Corps.  . .  .   129 

Organization  Navy 87 

Organization  of  a  Ship 89 

Pay  Army   44 

Pay   Aviation   Corps 43 

Pay  Department  Marine  Corps.   130 

Pay  Marine  Corps 133 

Pay  National  Guard 59 

Pay  Naval  Militia  118 

Pay  Navy 107 

Pay  Officer  Navy 91 

Pioneer  Company  7 

Pistols  41-56 


Platoon 4 

Police     72 

Poncho    72 

Pontoon  Bridge 73 

Pontoon  Company    8 

Post  Exchange   73 

Portugal     170 

Provost  Marshal 73 

Quartermaster  Corps  Army....       2 

Quarterdeck  123 

Quartermaster 's        Department 

Marine  Corps    130 

Rations 73 

Regiment   Cavalry    15 

Regiment  Coast  Artillery 15 

Regimental  Detachment  Medical 

Corps 15 

Regiment  Engineers 15 

Regiment  Field  Artillery 15 

Regiment   of    Infantry 14 

Regimental  Parade 76 

Relative  Rank  Army 75 

Relative  Rank  Navy 123 

Reserve  Fleet    96 

Retirement  Enlisted  Men  Army     36 
Retirement  of  Enlisted  Men  Ma- 
rine Corps   132 

Retirement    of     Enlisted     Men 

Navy   100 

Retirement  of  Officers  Army. .  35 
Retirement  of  Officers  Navy ....  99 
Retirement    of    Officers   Marine 

Corps    132 

Review    76 

Rifle    .     40-56 

Roumania 171 

Russia     172 

Salutes  Army    76 

Salutes  by  Guard 77 

Salutes  Navy 123 

Scout 77 

Selective  Draft 30 

Serbia     176 

Service  Army    33 

Service  Marine  Corps   132 

Service  National  Guard 61 

Service  Naval  Militia 119 

Service  Navy    98 


190 


INDEX 


Ships  Authorized   96 

Ships  in  Commission 94 

Ships  in  Commission  in  Keserve  95 

Ships  out  of  Commission 95 

Ships    under    Construction....  96 

Signals  Army   77 

Signal  Corps  3 

Signal  Corps  Aero  Company...  10 

Signal  Corps  Aviation  School..  38 

Signal  Corps  Field  Company. . .  8 

Signal  Corps  Eadio  Company. .  8 
Signal     Corps     Telegraph     and 

Telephone  Company 10 

Signal  Corps  Wire  Company. . .  8 

Signals    Navy    123 

Signal  School 38 

Slicker    78 

Special  Customs  Navy 125 

Special   Service   Vessels 106 

Springfield  Rifle   40-56 

Squad    3 

Squadron   Cavalry    12 

Staff  College  37 

Staff   Officer    78 

Standards    79 

Steam   Engineering,  Bureau  of 

Navy 88 

Strength  Army   23 

Strength  Marine  Corps 132 

Strength  National  Guard 62 

Strength   Naval   Militia 119 

Strength  Navy    94 

Submarines 106-124 

Summary  Court   78 


Supply   and   Accounts,    Bureau 

of    Navy    88 

Supply  Company    6 

Tents 79 

Torpedo    Boats    105-126 

Train  Navy 126 

Training  Camps  58 

Turkey    177 

Uniforms  Army 5,   9-13,   17,   21 

Uniform   Austria   Hungary....    143 

Uniforms    Belgium    145 

Uniform  Bulgaria   143 

Uniforms  France   151 

Uniforms  Great  Britain 161 

Uniforms  Germany 159 

Uniform   Italy    145 

Uniform  Japan 169 

Uniforms  Marine  Corps.  ..  .131-135 

Uniform  Montenegro 169 

Uniforms   Navy 93,  97-101 

Uniform  Portugal    169 

Uniform  Roumania   173 

Uniform    Russia    173 

Uniform  Serbia   173 

Uniform  Turkey 143 

Uniforms  and  Equipment  Army     49 
Uniforms  and  Equipment,  Ma- 
rine   Corps    136 

Uniforms  and  Equipment,  Navy  115 

War  College  Army    37 

War   College   Navy    102 

Watches    126 

West  Point    37 

Yards  and  Docks,  Bureau  of..     88 


\  Brigadier-General 


APPENDIX  A 

On  July  5,  1917,  the  President  accepted  the  co-operation  and  assistance  of 
the  American  National  Red  Cross  with  the  land  and  naval  forces  of  the 
United  States.  To  facilitate  the  discharge  of  their  authorized  functions, 
duly  qualified  members  are  recognized  by  titles  with  assimilated  rank. 

These  commissions  confer  no  military  authority  or  obligation  attached  to 
the  rank,  nor  the  right  to  any  pay  or  allowances  in  the  Army  or  Navy. 
When  actually  serving  with  troops  in  the  field  the  insignia  of  rank  may  be 
worn  on  the  prescribed  uniform. 

The  following  is  the  relative  rank: 

Chairman,  Central  Committee  &  War  Council Major-General 

Vice-Chairman,  Central  Committee 

Member  of  War  Council 

Director    General    Colonel 

Assistant  Director  General  Lieutenant  Colonel 

Director    Major 

(Captain 
or 
First  Lieutenant 

Secretary    Sergeant   Major 

Hospital   Sergeants,    Corporals   &   Privates   take   the   same   grade   as 
prescribed  in  army. 

APPENDIX  B 

In  accordance  with  an  order  issued  by  the  War  Department  on  July  18, 
1917,  the  army  was  divided  into  three  parts,  known  as  the  Regular  Army, 
National  Guard,  and  National  Army. 

The  Regiments,  Brigades,  and  Divisions  of  these  three  groups  were  num- 
bered in  separate  series  and  the  first  numbers  in  each  series  were  as 
indicated  in  the  following  list: 

191 


192  APPENDICES 

Eegiments 

Eegular  Army,  begin  with  No.  1 

National  Guard,  begin  with  No.  101 

National  Army,  begin  with  No.  301 
Brigades 

Eegular  Army,  begin  with  No.  1 

National  Guard,  begin  with  No.  51 

National  Army,  begin  with  No.  151 

Divisions 

Eegular  Army,  begin  with  No.  1 
National  Guard,  begin  with  No.  26 
National  Army,  begin  with  No.  76 

It  is  therefore  possible  on  seeing  the  number  to  place  at  once  in  what 
group  the  organization  belongs. 

There  will  be  no  State  designations  on  the  uniform  of  the  National  Guard 
or  National  Array,  all  markings  on  uniform  and  equipment  being  as  pre- 
scribed for  the  Eegular  Army.  Special  or  State  designations  will  not  be 
used  in  orders,  despatches,  or  correspondence.  For  the  purpose  of  local 
identification  and  to  preserve  tradition  and  local  pride,  when  the  number 
of  a  State  organization  is  used  in  other  papers  than  those  mentioned  above 
its  number  may  be  followed  by  its  special  designation  in  parentheses.  Thus 
after  the  mention  of  a  National  Guard  organization  its  number  in  the  state 
service  may  appear,  as  for  example:  131st  Infantry  (1st  N.  Y.)  or  206th 
Artillery  (2nd  Pa.).  The  National  Army  may  show  in  the  same  manner 
the  State  from  which  each  organization,  or  the  bulk  of  it,  comes,  as:  321st 
Infantry   (S.  C.)   or  360th  Cavalry   (111.). 

APPENDIX  C 

Sekvice  Flag.  This  is  a  flag  unofficially  approved  to  be  displayed  from 
houses  where  members  of  the  household  are  serving  with  the  armed  forces 
of  the  United  States.  The  flag  is  of  the  same  proportions  as  that  of  the 
United  States,  is  red  with  a  white  center  occupying  one-third  of  the 
surface;  upon  the  white  is  displayed  one  or  more  blue  stars,  one  for  each 
member  of  the  household  in  the  service. 

In  the  cases  of  churches,  clubs,  and  social  organizations,  it  may  be  used 
to  show  the  number  of  members  serving. 


APPENDICES  193 

APPENDIX  D 

Hat  Cords.  The  hat  cords  worn  by  United  States  troops  are  made  in 
the  colors  of  the  branches  of  the  service  as  sho-wn  on  Plate  II.  As  four 
new  cords  have  been  authorized  we  print  the  entire  list  for  convenient 
reference. 

Alphabetically  by  colors. 

Black  and  Grey U.  S.  Military  Academy 

Black  and  White Field   Clerk 

Blue    Infantry 

Buff     Quartermaster   Corps 

Green    and    White Home   Defense 

Gold    General  Officer 

Gold    and    Black Field,  Line,  or  Staff  Officer 

Maroon  and  White Medical  Department 

Orange    and   White Signal  Corps 

Eed    Artillery 

Eed  and  Black Ordnance   Department 

Eed   and   White Engineer  Corps 

Eed,  White  and  Blue Officers    Training   Camp 

Yellow    Cavalry 

APPENDIX  E 

State  Troops.  As  soon  as  the  National  Guard  had  been  taken  into  the 
Federal  Service  in  July,  1917,  many  States  at  once  organized  a  new  force 
to  be  known  as  State  Troops.  These  troops  are  for  home  defense  only  and 
are  supported  by  their  respective  States.  Their  uniforms,  insignia  of  rank, 
devices,  etc.,  are  as  prescribed  for  the  Eegular  Army,  National  Guard 
and  National  Army  except  that  they  wear  on  their  collars,  in  place  of 
the  designations  for  those  forces,  the  letters  of  their  respective  States  as 
prescribed  for  the  National  Guard  on  Plate  XIII,  No.  18. 

APPENDIX  F 

Army,  Changes  in  Devices.  Under  orders  Ox  July  25  and  -n-ugust  15, 
1917,  the  following  additions  and  changes  have  been  made  in  devices  and 
other  minor  details  on  Plates  II,  XIII,  XIV: 

For  Officers  of  the  National  Guard  on  collars  the  letters  N.  G.  super- 
imposed on  the  letters  U.  S.,  instead  of  the  letters  of  respective  states. 


194  APPENDICES 

For  Officers  of  the  National  Army  on  collars  the  letters  N.  A.  super- 
imposed on  the  letters  U.  S. 

Enlisted  men  of  the  National  Guard  on  buttons  on  collars  the  letters 
N.  G.  superimposed  on  letters  U.  S.,  instead  of  letters  of  respective  states. 

Enlisted  men  of  the  National  Army  on  buttons  on  collars  the  letters 
N.  A.  superimposed  on  the  letters  U.  S. 

When  duty  is  performed  without  coats,  devices  and  insignia  are  worn  on 
the  collars  of  the  flannel  shirts  as  follows: 

Officers 

Generals.     On   both   collars.     Army  designating  letters   and   insignia 

of  rank. 
All    Other   Officers.      On    right    collar    Army    designating   letters   and 

insignia  of  rank.     On  left  collar  device  of  branch  of  the  service 

or  department. 

Enlisted  Men 

The  prescribed  buttons  on  collars.     On  right  collar  army  designation 

button.     On  left  collar  branch  of  service  or  department  button. 
Officers  on  the  General  Staff,  while  so   serving,  replace  the  olive   drab 

sleeve  braid  prescribed  for  all  officers  (Plate  XIII,  No.  29)  by  a 

similar  braid  in  size  and  position  in  black. 

The  following  new  distinguishing  devices  for  the  Aviation  service  have 
been  adopted.  These  will  be  worn  by  officers  in  addition  to  the  prescribed 
collar  device  of  the  Aviation  service  (Plate  XIII,  No.  14)  on  the  left 
breast  just  above  the  pocket,  and  by  the  enlisted  men  on  both  sleeves. 

Military  Aviators,  Officers — Shield  with  initial  U.  S.  flanked  by  two  out- 
spread wings. 

Junior  Aviators,  Officers — Shield  with  initials  U.  S.  with  outspread  wing  on 
right  side  only. 

Aviators,  Enlisted  Men — Four  bladed  propeller  in  circle. 

Aviation  Mechanics,  Enlisted  Men — Four  bladed  propeller  flanked  by  two 
outspread  wings. 

Other  Enlisted  Men — Four  bladed  propeller. 

The  device  for  Veterinaries  (Plate  XIII,  No.  13)  is  now  changed  to  a 
similar  device  to  that  worn  by  the  Dental  Corps  (Plate  XIII,  No.  15) 
except  the  letters  V.  C.  are  used  instead  of  the  D.  C.  of  the  Dental  Corps. 


APPENDICES  195 

APPENDIX  G 

Navy,  Changes  in  Devices.  Up  to  August,  1917,  the  following  changes 
had  been  made  in  Naval  devices  and  uniforms: 

Admirals  wear  on  the  white  coat  and  on  the  overcoat  in  place  of  the 
black  strap  with  gold  devices,  a  strap  of  gold  braid  of  the  same  size  and 
shape,  on  which  is  placed  the  silver  stars  indicating  their  rank.  See 
PlJlTE  XX. 

Officers  of  the  Naval  Reserve  wear  on  the  collars  of  their  blue  service 
uniform  and  on  the  shoulder  straps  of  their  white  uniforms  and  over- 
coats the  same  device  as  prescribed  for  the  cap,  but  of  a  reduced  size. 
This  is  worn  in  place  of  the  silver  anchor  and  insignia  of  rank  prescribed 
for  similar  wear  by  the  Regular  Navy  and  Naval  Militia.  In  all  other 
details  the  uniforms  of  the  officers  and  men  of  the  Coast  Defense  Reserve 
are  as  prescribed  for  the  Regular  Navy. 


Trench  Warfare 


BY 


J.  S.  SMITH 

Second  Lieutenant  with  the  British  Expeditionary  Force 
in  Flanders 


Mr.  J.  S.  Smith,  who  is  an  American 
serving  as  an  officer  in  a  famous  British 
regiment,  has  been  in  the  war  from  the  be- 
ginning and  has  seen  the  entire  develop- 
ment of  trench  warfare.  In  this  manual 
he  gives  the  Americans  who  are  to  serve 
under  their  own  flag  the  benefit  of  his  ex- 
periences in  the  trenches  of  Flanders  and 
France. 

Here  are  all  the  details  of  building,  hold- 
ing and  taking  trenches;  how  bombing 
squads  are  organized  and  trained,  and  htm- 
dreds  of  other  important  items  that  men 
and  officers  must  know,  but  which  have 
never  before  been  printed  in  this  country. 

This  book  will  make  a  most  valuable 
gift  for  any  officer  or  soldier  of  the  United 
States  Army. 


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681  Fifth  Avenue  New  York  City 


an 


A 

Student  in  Arms 

BY 

DONALD   HANKEY 


Published  originally  in  the  columns  of 
the  London  Spectator,  these  short  articles, 
sketches,  and  essays,  written  by  a  man  in 
the  trenches,  form  a  ''war-book"  of  quite 
unusual  land,  dealing  with  the  deeper 
things  of  human  life. 

The  high  spiritual  idealism  which  act- 
uates so  many  thousands  in  the  ranks  of 
the  Allies  finds  a  voice  in  it,  and  the  men- 
tal attitude  of  the  fighting-men  towards 
religion,  the  Church,  their  ofiicers  and  their 
comrades,  is  exhibited  not  only  with  san- 
ity and  sympathy,  but  with  a  fine  simplic- 
*  ity  of  language  and  an  inspiring  nobility 
of  outlook. 

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were  sold  in  the  first  month  of 

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BOYD   CABLE  WROTE 

to  US  when  he  sent  us  his  book 

Grapes  of  Wrath 

that  it  might  never  be  finished, 
as  part  of  it  was  being  written 

WITHIN  RANGE  OF  THE  GERMAN  GUNS 


As  uplifting  as  the  terrible,  slow  swing 
of  the  Battle  Hymn  of  the  Republic  from 
which  the  author  takes  his  title,  this  tale 
of  twenty-four  hoiirs  in  the  life  of  four 
privates  of  the  EngHsh  line  gives  us  a 
glimpse  of  the  glory  in  the  soul  of  man 
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^M 


SOLDIER 
SONGS 

BY 

PATRICK  MACGILL 

Author  of  "Children  of  the  Dead  End,"  etc. 


In  the  trenches  a  man  expresses  himself 
by  his  occupations.  Some  make  aluminum 
rings  from  the  fuses  of  German  shells,  oth- 
ers carve  in  wood,  but  Rifleman  Patrick 
MacGill  mostly  writes.  He  foimd  in  a 
poem  about  the  fairies,  for  instance,  the  best 
sedative  during  a  heavy  shelling  of  the 
British  lines.  Almost  without  exception 
the  poems  in  this  volume  were  written 
imder  fire,  and  many  of  them  deal  with  the 
everyday  events  of  a  soldier's  life.  Mr. 
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peal to  the  men  at  the  front. 


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03) 


The  Inspiration   of  the   German   People   when 
they  awake  from  their  present  Nightmare, 


The  Coming 
Democracy 

By    HERMANN    FERNAU 


An  examination,  searching  and  merciless,  of 
Germany's  mediaeval  dynastic  and  political 
system,  by  the  author  of  "Because  I  Am  a 
German,"  and  a  demand  for  reforms  which  all 
civilized  countries  of  the  world  have  enjoyed 
for  decades. 


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(17) 


I 


